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Pediatrics > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

S1

A

closure of mitral and tricuspid valves heard at LLSB/apex

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2
Q

S2

A

closure of aortic and pulmonic valves split only on inspiration

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3
Q

S3

A

early diastolic murmur d/t rapid ventricular filling heard at LLSB/apex

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4
Q

S4

A

late diastolic sound usually found w/ reduced ventricular compliance

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5
Q

cause of clicks

A

valvular abnormality or dilated aorta/pulmonary artery

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6
Q

cause of mid systolic click

A

MVP

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7
Q

Grade 1 murmur

A

soft, heard only under quiet conditions

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8
Q

Grade 2 murmur

A

soft, heard under noisy conditions

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9
Q

Grade 3 murmur

A

easily heard

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10
Q

Grade 4 murmur

A

loud murmur associated with thrill

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11
Q

Grade 5 murmur

A

loud murmur w/ stethoscope tilted and thrill

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12
Q

Grade 6 murmur

A

loud murmur heard 5-10 mm from chest w/ thrill

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13
Q

early systolic murmurs

A

AS, MS, ASD, coarctation

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14
Q

holo systolic murmurs

A

MR, TR, VSD

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15
Q

late systolic murmurs

A

MVP

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16
Q

early diastolic murmurs

A

AR, PR

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17
Q

late diastolic murmurs

A

MS, TS

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18
Q

continuous diastolic murmurs

A

PDA

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19
Q

innocent murmurs

A

venous hum, pulmonary flow, pulmonic stenosis, Stills

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20
Q

Stills murmur

A

low pitched musical sound at LLSB age 3 - adolescence

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21
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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22
Q

increased P wave amplitude

A

enlarged right atrium

23
Q

prolonged p wave

A

enlarged left atrium

24
Q

PR interval

A

beginning of P wave to beginning or QRS

25
Q

elongated PR interval

A

slowed conduction through AV node

26
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

27
Q

increased QRS amplitude

A

greater ventricular volume or mass

28
Q

QT interval

A

depolarization and repolarization of ventricles

29
Q

normal QT interval

A

< 0.45 sec

30
Q

prolonged QT interval

A

sudden death, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, arrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes

31
Q

syncope workup

A

reassurance, EKG, GTT, EEG

32
Q

chest pain workup

A

MSK Hx, CXR, EKG, Holter, exercise stress test

33
Q

Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

A

rapid regular rate with narrow QRS, abrupt onset and termination, pounding HB, pallor, fatigue

34
Q

SVT treatment

A

vagal maneuver, IV Adenosine, synchronized cardioversion if Sx

35
Q

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)

A

premature HB /w no preceding P wave, QRS wider and abnormal

36
Q

PVC treatment

A

no intervention, remove caffeine, proper fluid intake

37
Q

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

holosystolic murmur at LLSB; Tx: after load reduction and surgical closure

38
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

fixed split S2, soft systolic ejection murmur, increased RV impulse; Tx: surgery by age 3

39
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

continuous machine-like murmur infraclavicularly; Tx: IV indomethacin or ibuprofen, surgury

40
Q

drug to maintain PDA

A

prostaglandins (PGE)

41
Q

endocardial cushion defect

A

atrioventricular canal defect seen with Down’s and causing HF

42
Q

pulmonary stenosis (leaflet development failure)

A

systolic ejection murmur at 2nd ICS, some w/ click, dyspnea; Tx: valvuloplasty

43
Q

aortic stenosis (leaflet development failure)

A

systolic ejection murmur w/ click, chest pain; Tx: often leads to valve insufficiency, observation

44
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

narrowing of aorta, assoc. w/ Turner’s (XO), UE HTN w/ LE low BP, S3; Tx: surgery

45
Q

cyanotic CHD mnemonic

A

5 T’s and an H screened during newborn

46
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

MC cyanotic, truncus arteriosus w/ mult. defects, severe cyanosis, “tet” spells (blue skin when crying or feeding), squatting; Tx: knee-chest position, VSD and pulm. stenosis repair, prophylaxis for endocarditis

47
Q

transposition of great arteries

A

switched aortic and pulmonic arteries, death w/out blood mixing; Tx: prostaglandins, atrial septoplasty if severe, switch w/in 2 weeks

48
Q

tricuspid atresia

A

no tricuspid and hypoplastic RV, severe cyanosis; Tx: prostaglandin, Staged surgery: 1)Blalock 2)bidirectional Glenn 3)Fontan

49
Q

truncus arteriosus

A

failure of truncus septation, cyanosis and cough; Tx: supportive CHF care, surgical repair

50
Q

total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

A

pulmonary veins connect to right atrium instead of left, hyperactive RV and widely split S2 w/ systolic ejection murmur; Tx: open pulmonary vein into L atrium

51
Q

hypoplastic left heart

A

MCC death in 1st mo, failed dev. of aortic arch/mitral valve/aortic valve, gray mottled skin; Tx: prostaglandins, ventilation, surgical: Norwood, Glenn, Fontan

52
Q

rheumatic fever

A

group A strep then autoimmune attack of valves, triad: erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules, Sydenham chorea; Tx: benzathine PCN, salicylate, bedrest

53
Q

Jones Criteria

A

evidence of strep + 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria

54
Q

pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with strep (PANDAS)

A

post strep autoimmune d/o with onset or worsening of OCD/tic disorders

Pediatrics (13 decks)

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