Cardiology Flashcards
what is meant by eccentric and concentric hypertrophy?
eccentric occurs as a result of volume overload and is due dilation of the heart chambers
concentric is due to increased pressure where you get thickening of the wall but the chamber volume remains the same
name 2 causes of ventricular overload
vavlvular insufficiency and abnormal shunting of blood between chambers
Name 2 causes of pressure overload
stenosis or ostruction of ventricular outflow tract and increased pulmonary or systemic arteriole presuure
what maladaptive problems can result from prolonged myocardial hypertrophy?
reduced ventricular wall compliance/flexibility where it cant relaz properly
myocardial blood supply cant meet the increased demands
microcyte death and fibrosis
what is the problem associated with patent ductus arteriosus
provides a route for blood to shunt from left to the right side of circulation and is considered abnormal if present for more than 5 days.
what are the consequences of a patent ductus arteriosus
turbulent blood flow resulting in heart murmur
increased blood volume in pulmonary circiulation - oedema of the lungs
increased of blood returning to the left side of the heart causing volume overload and eccentric hypertrophy
what is an atrial septal defect
hole in the wall of the septum between the atrium and ventricle allowing blood to flow through
what are examplse of valvular outflow tract malformation
aortic and pulmonic stenosis
atrioventricular valve dysplasia
what is a transposition complex
when the arteriole trunk vessels are plumbed up wrong resulting in malpositioning of the aorta and pulmonary artery
whats is the cause of constrictive pericarditis
fibrous pericardial adhesions and organising granulation tissue in the pericardial sac constricting the heart
what is hydropericardium and what can cause it
transudate or modified transudate within the pericardial sac
- disease causing generalised oedema
- neoplasia of the heart obstructing drainage
- haemorrhage from haemangiosarcoma
what term is used to describe accumulation of whole blood in the pericardial sac - what can cause this
haemopericardium
tumour such as haemangiosarcoma (right atrium), rupture of blood vessels
name 2 heart base tumours
thyroid tumour and chemodectomas
what is the cardiac tamponade
accumlulation of fluid in pericardial sac leading to raised pericardial pressure and compression of the heart leading to impaired cardiac filling
heart cant relax so doesnt fill in diastole leading to reduced cardiac output and hypotension and shock
where is a haemangiosarcoma most commonly found
right atrium
