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First Aid/Pathoma > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Allantois –> Urachus becomes what adult structure?

A

Median Umbilical Ligament

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2
Q

Ductus Arteriosus becomes what adult structure?

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

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3
Q

Ductus Venosus becomes what adult structure?

A

Ligamentum Venosum

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4
Q

Foramen Ovale becomes what adult structure?

A

Fossa Ovalis

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5
Q

Notochord becomes what adult structure?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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6
Q

Umbilical Arteries become what adult structure?

A

Medial umbilical Ligaments

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7
Q

Umbilical Vein becomes what adult structure?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

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8
Q

S3 Heart sound is associated with that?

A

Increased filling pressures:

Mitral Regurgitation

HF

Dilated Ventricles

(can be normal in kids/young adults)

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9
Q

S4 heart sound is associated with what?

A

Ventricular noncompliance

LV Hypertrophy

Always abnormal

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10
Q

Inspiration has what effect on heart sounds?

A

(increased venous return to RA)

Increases intensity of right heart sounds

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11
Q

Hand grip has what effect on heart sounds?

A

(increased afterload)

Increases intensity of MR, AR, VSD murmurs

Decreases hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs

MVP: later onset of click/murmur

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12
Q

Valsalva / Standing up has what effect on heart sounds?

A

(decreases preload)

Decreases intensity of most murmurs (including AS)

Increases intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur

MVP: earlier onset of click/murmur

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13
Q

Rapid squatting has what effet on heart sounds?

A

(INC VR, INC Preload, INC Afterload)

Decreases intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur

Increases intensity of AS murmur

MVP: later onset of click/murmur

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14
Q

Crescendo-decresendo systolic ejection murmur

Loudest at heart base

Radiates to carotids

Can have pulsus parvus et tardus (weak pulses)

A

Aortic Stenosis

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15
Q

Holosystolic, high-pitched blowing murmur

Loudest at apex

Radiates to axilla

A

Mitral Regurgitation

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16
Q

Holosystolic, high-pitched blowing murmur

Loudest near sternal border

Radiates to right sternal border

A

Tricuspid Regurgitation

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17
Q

Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click

Best hear over apex

Loudest just before S2

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

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18
Q

Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur

Loudest at tricuspid area

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

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19
Q

High-pitched blowing early diastolic decrescendo murmur

Hyperdynamic pulse

Wide pulse pressure

A

Aortic Regurgitation

(Head bobbing)

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20
Q

Opening snap

Delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur

A

Mitral stenosis

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21
Q

Continuous machine-like murmur

Loudest at S2

Left Infraclavicular area

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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22
Q

Inherited disorder of myocardial repolarization, typically due to ion channel defects

A

Congenital Long QT

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23
Q

AD, pure cardiac phenotype congenital long QT syndrome

A

Romano-Ward Syndrome

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24
Q

AR, congenital long QT + sensorineural deafness

A

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome

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25
Q

AD

Asian Males

ECG = pseudo RBBB and ST elevations in V1-V3

A

Brugada Syndrome

26
Q

Most common ventricular pre-excitation syndrome

Abnormally fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate-slowing AV node

Delta wave + wide QRS + shortened PR

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

27
Q

ECG = Chaotic and eratic baseline, no discrete P waves between irregularly spaced QRS complexes

Irregularly irregular HR

A

Atrial Fibrillation

28
Q

ECG = Rapid succession of identical, back-to-back atrial depolarization waves

Sawtooth pattern

A

Atrial Flutter

29
Q

ECG = competely erratic rhythym with no identifiable waves

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

30
Q

ECG = PR interval is prolonged

A

1st Degree AV block

31
Q

ECG = Progressive lengthening of PR interval until a beat is “dropped”

A

2nd Degree Mobitz Type 1

(Wenckebach)

32
Q

ECG = Dropped beats that are not proceeded by a change in the length of the PR interval

A

2nd degree AV block Mobitz Type 2

33
Q

ECG = atria and ventricles beat independently of each other

A

3rd degree AV block (complete)

34
Q

What are the 5 Right to Left Shunts?

A

Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel)

Transposition (2 switched vessels)

Tricuspid Atresia (3 = Tri)

Tetralogy of Fallot (4 = Tetra)

TAPVR (5 letters)

35
Q

What are the 4 issues in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

PROV

Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis

RV Hypertrophy

Overriding Aorta

VSD

36
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with EtOH?

A

VSD, PDA, ASD, Tetralogy of Fallot

37
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with Congenital Rubella?

A

PDA

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

Septal Defects

38
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with Down Syndrome?

A

AV Septal defect (endocardial cushion)

VSD

ASD

39
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with a diabetic mother?

A

Transposition of the great vessels

40
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with Marfan Syndrome?

A

MVP

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm/Dissection

Aortic Regurgitation

41
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with prenatal lithium?

A

Ebstein Anomaly

42
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with Turner Syndrome?

A

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Coarctation of the Aorta

43
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with Williams Syndrome?

A

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

44
Q

What cardiac defect is associated with 22q11 syndromes?

A

Truncus Arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

45
Q

What is the difference between hypertensive urgency and a hypertensive emergency?

A

Urgency = without acute end organ damage

Emergency = evidence of acute end organ damage

46
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with what pathogenesis?

A

Atherosclerosis

47
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm is associated with what pathogenesis?

A

Cystic Medial Degeneration

48
Q

ECG STEMI in leads V1-V2

A

Anteroseptal (LAD)

49
Q

ECG STEMI in leads V3-V4

A

Anteroapical (distal LAD)

50
Q

ECG STEMI in leads V5-V6

A

Anterolateral (LAD or LCX)

51
Q

ECG STEMI in leads I, aVL

A

Lateral (LCX)

52
Q

ECG STEMI in leads II, III, aVF

A

Inferior (RCA)

53
Q

ECG STEMI in leads V7-V9

ST Depression in V1-V3 with tall R waves

A

Posterior (PDA)

54
Q

Endomyocardial fibrosis with a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate

A

Loffler Syndrome

55
Q

What drugs DECREASE MORTALITY in patients with HF?

A

ACEI/ARBs

B-blockers

Spironalactone

56
Q

What is the difference between Acute and Subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Acute = large vegetations on previously normal valves, rapid onset; staph aureus

Subacute = smaller vegetations of previously damaged valves, gradual onset; strep viridans

57
Q

What type of endocarditis has vegetations on both sides of the valves? What is it associated with?

A

Libmann Sacks Endocarditis

SLE

58
Q

Rheumatic Fever is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 2

59
Q

What is Beck’s Triad for cardiac tamponade?

A

Hypotension

Distended neck veins

Distant heart sounds

60
Q

Decrease in amplitude of systolic BP by > 10 mmHg during inspiration

A

Pulsus Paradoxus

61
Q

Tertiary syphilis disrupts what part of the aorta?

A

Vasa Vasorum of aorta –> atrophy of vessel wall and dilatation of aorta and valve ring

62
Q

INC in Jugular Venous Pressure on inspiration (normally it should drop)

A

Kussmaul Sign

First Aid/Pathoma (2 decks)

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