Cardiology Flashcards
Causes of mitral stenosis
1) rheumatic heart disease (most common)
2) RA
3) SLE
4) congenital
Mitral regurgitation: signs of severity
1) Pulmonary HTN
2) left heart failure
3) S3/third heart sound
4) soft S1
5) left ventricular enlargement/displaced apex
Causes of MR
1) MV prolapse
2) rheumatic heart disease
3) ischemic heart disease
4) LV dilatation
5) I.E
6) connective tissue disease
DDx of pansystolic murmur
1) MR
2) TR
3) VSD
Physical exam signs of AR
- collapsing pulse
- carotid pulsation (Corrigan sign)
- fingernail capillary pulsation (Quincke sign)
- pistol shot femorals
- head bobbing (de Mussett sign)
- wide pulse pressure
- signs of Marfan, ank spond, RA
- Austin flint murmur (AR jet against MV)
Causes of AR
- rheumatic fever
- HTN
- atherosclerosis
- I.E
- Marfan, ank spond, RA
- syphilis
Aortic regurgitation: signs of severity
- wide pulse pressure
- collapsing pulse
- left heart failure
- soft S2
- length of diastolic murmur
Physical exam signs of AS
- low volume pulse
- systolic thrill
- ESM rad to carotid a
- low BP in mod-severe AS
Causes of AS
- rheumatic heart disease
- congenital
- bicuspid AV
- degenerative calcification
AS signs of severity
1) left heart failure
2) aortic thrill
3) late peaking ESM
4) plateau pulse
5) S4
Causes of A. fib
- mitral valve disease
- IHD and/or HTN
- thyrotoxicosis
- chronic pulmonary disease
VSD causes
- congenital
- IHD/MI with rupture of inter ventricular septum
- Tetralogy of Fallot
VSD features on examination
- Pansystolic murmur loudest at lower left sternal border, usually with thrill
- signs of pulm HTN (Eisenmenger)
Pulmonary HTN: features on examination
- raised JVP, prominent V wave
- loud S2
- parasternal heave
- Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral Stenosis: signs of severity
1) pulmonary HTN
2) opening snap
3) length of diastolic murmur
4) diastolic thrill @ apex
5) narrow pulse pressure
