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1st year > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms and signs of endocarditis

A

Fever, malaise, weight loss, SOB, new murmur, clubbing, splinter haemorrhages, Roth spots, Janeway lesions, Oslers nodes, haematuria

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2
Q

How do you diagnose endocarditis?

A

3 sets of blood cultures

ECG

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3
Q

Treatment of IVDU endocarditis

A

Flucloxacillin IV

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4
Q

How do you treat MRSA?

A

Vancomycin IV and Rifampicin PO

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5
Q

Treatment of SVT

A

valsalva, vagal manoeuvres, adenosine, verapamil, ablation

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6
Q

AF ECG

A

narrow QRS, no P waves

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7
Q

Pulmonary oedema on x-ray

A

Batwings, Kerley B lines

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8
Q

Sign of coarctation of aorta

A

Radiofemoral delay

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9
Q

How do you diagnose PE?

A

d dimers
CXR
VQ scan

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10
Q

Treatment of cardiomyopathy

A 
ACEI/ARB
B blocker and CCB (rate)
Diuretic
Anticoagulant
Anti-arrhythmatic (amiodarone, digoxin)
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11
Q

Which type of murmurs are always pathological?

A

Diastolic

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12
Q

Cause of myocarditis

A

Coxsackie virus, flu

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13
Q

Torsades de Pointes

A

Pause in long QT then VT

over 200 bpm

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14
Q

Treatment for long QT

A

B blocker

ICD

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15
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Ejection systolic
Bicuspid valve wear and tear
Radiates to carotids

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16
Q

Mitral regurg

A

Pansystolic
Rheumatism, endocarditis, degeneration of pulmonary valve
Displaced apex
Radiates to axilla

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17
Q

Aortic regurg

A 
Early diastolic
Endocarditis, rheumatic, marfan's, aortic dissection
Collapsing pulse, dispalced apex
Lower left sternal edge
Hold breath sitting up
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18
Q

Paroxysmal AF

A

less than 48 hours

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19
Q

Persistent AF

A

over 48 hours

Cardioverted or drugs

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20
Q

Permanent AF

A

Can’t restore NSR

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21
Q

In AF where are extra pathways?

A

Pulmonary vein entrance

22
Q

AF ECG

A

> 300bpm, irregularly irregular, no P waves, F waves

23
Q

WPW

A

AF in patients with pre-excitation -> VF

Broad QRS

24
Q

How do you control heart rate?

A

B blocker
B blocker + Digoxin
Digoxin + Verapamil

25
Q

How do you control rhythm?

A

Amiodarone

26
Q

SADCHAVS score (stroke risk in AF)

A 
Sex female (1)
Age 65-74 (1)
Diabetes (1)
Congestive HF (1)
HT (1)
Age over 75 (2)
Vascular disease (1)
Stroke (2)
27
Q

HASBLED score (risk of bleeding on anticoagulation)

A 
HT (1)
Abnormal renal/liver (1 or 2)
Stroke (1)
Bleeding (1)
Labile INRs (1)
Elderly over 65 (1)
Drugs/alcohol (1 or 2)
over 3 = high risk
28
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Atrial tachycardia
Re-entry circuit in right atrium counterclockwise
Saw tooth ECG, 300bpm

29
Q

Sinus bradycardia

A

less than 60bpm

atropine

30
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

over 100bpm

B blocker

31
Q

1st degree AV block

A

PR interval >0.2s

32
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

Mobitz 1 - progressive lengthening of PR then dropped beat

Mobitz 2 - permanent pacemaker needed

33
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

Complete heart block

Emergency pacemaker

34
Q

1 small square on ECG (1mm)

A

0.04s

35
Q

1 large square on ECG (5mm)

A

0.2s

36
Q

How to work out the HR on ECG

A

Regular: 300/large squares beteween QRS
Irregular: count number of QRS in 30 squares and x 10

37
Q

Treatment of VT

A

cardioversion
anti-arhythmics
adenosine

38
Q

Inferior MI

A

II, III, aVF

39
Q

Anterior MI

A

V1-6

40
Q

Anteroseptal MI

A

V1-4

41
Q

Anteriolateral MI

A

I, aVL, V1-6

42
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury

43
Q

Normal ABPI

A

0.9-1.2

44
Q

Essential HT

A

Rise in BP of unknown cause

45
Q

How to diagnose HT

A

over 140/90 = ABPM to confirm (HBPM if can’t tolerate)

46
Q

Malignant HT

A

diastolic over 130

Papilloedema, renal failure, HF

47
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A

HT and proteinuria

48
Q

How to calculate (regular) HR on ECG

A

Number of large boxes between RR

300/no boxes

49
Q

Where do you place leads?

A 
V1: 4th ICS right sternal edge
V2: 4th ICS left sternal edge
V3: 5th rib
V4: apex beat, 5th ICS mid clavicular line
V5: anteiror axillary line
V6: mid axillary line 5th ICS
50
Q

How to interpret ECG

A 
Patient details and date/time taken
Calibration and lead positions
Electrical activity?
Regular or irregular?
HR?
P waves present?
PR interval?
Is each P wave followed by QRS?
Duration of QRS?
51
Q

How to calculate (irregular) HR on ECG

A

Number of QRS in 30 big squares then x 10

1st year (5 decks)

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