Cardiology

Question 1

What condition is characterised by a click after the first heart sound (S1) followed by a late systolic murmur at the apex?

Answer 1

mitral valve regurgitation/ prolapse

Question 2

What is the pathology behind mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer 2

occurs when mitral valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during systole, often leading to a mild- systolic click followed by a murmur due to mitral regurgitation

Question 3

What would you give to a patient who is haemo-dynamically stable but is experiencing significant tachycardia?

Answer 3

amiodarone

Question 4

What is amiodarone used for?

Answer 4

to treat of prevent heart rhythm disorders such as atrial fibrillation

Question 5

If a patient is already on an ACE and CCB for their hypertension but it is poorly controlled, which medication should be added? (they are 55 with history of type 2 diabetes)

Answer 5

indapamide (thiazide like diuretic)

Question 6

What is the next step in investigating a patient who is 72, experiencing transient loss of consciousness with limb jerking but without incontinence? He has already had an ECG.

Answer 6

ambulatory monitoring of cardiac rhythm

Question 7

What condition does the patient have?
symptoms - pulmonary oedema, raised JVP, bibasal inspiratory crackles and pitting
chest x-ray - patchy perihilar opacification, upper lobe venous diversion, and trace fluid in the horizontal fissure

Answer 7

left ventricular failure

Question 8

What is the best diagnostic test for an aortic dissection?

Answer 8

contrast enhanced CT scan of thorax