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DACVIM Literature 2018-2023 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which has the highest sensitivity for ventricular arrhythmias? Which one can’t be evaluated in real time?

A) ECG strip
B) Continuous ECG with q1min technician assessment
C) Recorded continuous telemetry
D) Holter

A

D Holter – most sensitive but can’t be eval in real time, if that’s important (ex: post splenectomy) then use recorded continuous telemetry

JVECC 2021 Teslenko

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2
Q

Which two breeds can have a left shift of the QRS mean electrical axis on ECG, even when healthy?

A

Pugs, Eng bulldogs

JAVMA 2023 Cipone

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3
Q

An elevation in which biomarker(s) is/are associated with worse prognosis in dogs with SIRS?
A) NT-proBNP
B) Cardiac troponin T (CTnT)
C) Both
D) Neither

A

B

May be due to “cardiac hibernation” (maladaptive systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in septic patients)

JVECC 2019 Gommeren

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4
Q

Which are good point of care tests to discriminate R CHF vs other cause of nonhemorrhagic abdominal effusion?

NT-proBNP
Cardiac troponin I (CtnI)
GB wall edema
Distension of hepatic veins, CVC

A

NT-proBNP
Distension of hepatic veins, CVC

JVIM 2023 Morey

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5
Q

12yr FS DLH with noninvasive workup consistent with IBD vs LSA. She has a heart murmur grade 2/6 parasternal systolic. The owner declines any additional big workup (echo, scope) in favor of empiric steroids.

What would be a good practical test to monitor cardiac tolerance of steroids?

A

Baseline and follow up NT-proBNP

JVIM 2020 Block

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6
Q

What is the relative sens/spec (low, mod, high) of NT-proBNP to detect heart disease in clinically healthy cats?

How does the presence of a heart murmur affect these?

A

In general, low sens, high spec
With HM, moderate sens, high spec

So, not a good screening test (false negs) BUT positives can be trusted

JVIM 2021 Lu

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7
Q

12yr MI Yorkie with a new heart murmur grade 3/6 LAS. Which is a good screening test for subclinical MVD (ACVIM Stage B1, B2)?

Which one(s) scale with disease severity?

Which one(s) would be helpful if the dog were in respiratory distress and you wanted to rule out CHF (Stage C)?

ANP
cTnI
ACE2

A

Subclinical MVD - ANP only
Scale with MVD severity - ANP, cTnI, ACE2
Screen for CHF - ANP and cTnI

JAVMA 2020
JVIM 2023 Hammond

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8
Q

A) Dogs
B) Cats
C) Both
D) Neither

CTnI is a good screening test for subclinical heart disease (MVD or HCM, respectively) in _____

CTnI in critically ill patients is associated with nonsurvival in ____

A

Subclinical heart disease: Cats only
**Exception: new high sensitivity assay has moderate sense/spec for preclinical DCM dobies

Prognostic in critical illness: Dogs only (high CTnI is common in cats, but not prognostically informative)

JVIM 2019 Hertzsch
JVIM 2019 Kluser

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9
Q

15yr FS DSH that you manage for CKD IRIS Stage 3. She has a new heart murmur grade 3/6 LAS. Her CTnI was elevated, but her echo was normal. Explain.

A

Can see high CTnI due to renal dysfunction (not sure if maybe it’s GFR dependent?)

JFMS 2019 Langhorn

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10
Q

Name at least 3 non-cardiac diseases that can increase CTnI.

A

GDV
Babesia
Kidney disease
PHT
SIRS

JVIM 2019 Kluser

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11
Q

11yr FI chihuahua with fever of unknown origin and HM 3/6 LAS. CTnI was severely elevated. What does this suggest?
A) Physiologic murmur
B) MVD Stage C
C) Endocarditis
D) Correlates only with severity of heart disease, not etiology
E) Can be elevated due to inflammation

A

C – cTnI >0.6 is sens 52/spec 100 for endocarditis (compared to MVD Stage B and immune mediated disease)

JVIM 2021 Kilkenny

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12
Q

Which breed tends to have larger LV volumes +/- wall thickness?
A) Barrel chested breeds
B) Giant breeds
C) Toy breeds
D) Sighthounds

A

D

JVIM 2020 Esser
JVIM 2021 Wess
JVIM 2023 Stepien

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13
Q

POCUS is helpful to dx CHF in _______ presented in respiratory distress.

A) Dogs
B) Cats
C) Both
D) Neither

A

Cats only, esp if also high NT-proBNP.
In dogs, did not provide more for ddx list than hx and PE.

JVECC 2020 Hezzell
JVIM 2019 Ward

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14
Q

True or False: Gabapentin is an acceptable sedative for echocardiogram, as it will not alter any of the variables/measurements.

A

True

JFMS 2022 Veronezi
JFMS 2022

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15
Q

What is the significance of:
–High effective arterial elastance (Ea)
–High Ea/Ees

What is the gold standard way to measure? What is more practical?

A

High Ea: incr total arterial load of the LV, potentially due to high BP (afterload), HR, or both

High Ea/Ees: worse px in MVD dogs

Gold standard = cardiac catheter, pressure volume loops
But, can use echo to estimate

JVIM 2021 Osuga

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16
Q

What is the indication for transesophageal echo?

A

Procedure monitoring:
PDA ligation or coil
PV stenosis and balloon valvulopasty

JVIM 2022 Stoner

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17
Q

How do you calculate:
MHS (manubrium heart score)
Long MHS
Short MHS
Cardiac sphericity index

What would you expect with R and L sided heart disease?

A

MHS = heart length + (heart width/manubrium length)
Long MHS = heart length/ML
Short MHS = heart width/ML
CSI = heart width/heart length

R heart disease: high CSI, high short MHS with normal long and overall MHS
L heart disease: high short, long, and overall MHS

JAVMA 2020 Mostafa

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18
Q

What is subclavian steal syndrome?

A

Occlusion or stenosis of subclavian aa –> retrograde bloodflow in downstream ipsilateral vertebral artery –> vessel dilation, can potentially compress spinal cord and cause neck pain

JAVMA 2021 Shimbo

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19
Q

Doppler BP in cats:
–Which tends to read higher, forelimb or tail?
–Is it a big enough difference to affect clinical decisions?

A

Tail, medial 15-20mmHg higher than forelimb but too variable really to apply a correction factor.

Can affect which category they go in, usually normo vs HYPERtensive…not HYPOtensive (incl in sick cats).

JFMS 2019 Zeugswetter
JVECC 2021 De Rosa

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20
Q

Which setting offers the most consistent BP reading in cats?
A) Owner present
B) Owner absent
C) In carrier
D) On exam table

A

C

JVIM Hanas 2021

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21
Q

One study found that Birman cats have (higher) (lower) (no difference in) BP compared with other cat breeds.

That same study found that cats with outdoor access have (higher) (lower) (no difference in) HR compared with indoor only cats.

A

Birman - lower BP
Outdoor access - lower HR

JVIM Hanas 2021

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22
Q

Which predispose to HIGHER BP in cats? Select all that apply.
A) Weight
B) BCS
C) Age
D) Stress
E) Sitting
F) Laying down

A

Age, stress, sitting

JFMS 2021 Knies

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23
Q

How could you potentially use AUS to differentiate situational vs persistent hypertension?

A

Measure aortic strain (AoSt) which is based on aortic diameters, can look at level of the iliac arteries and at kidneys

AoSt = [(systole-diastole)/diastole]x100

Lower AoSt = less elasticity, r/o secondary to chronic SHT and smooth muscle hypertrophy

JVIM 2020 Corda

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24
Q

How might the following affect retinal vessel diameter?

Age
SHT

A

Older –> SMALLER retinal vessels (but does not correlate with BP)

Some SHT cats controlled on amlodipine will have shrinking (normalizing?) retinal vessels

JFMS 2021 Enache

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25
Q

Which is true?
A) BP should be monitored in all older cats, since early detection of SHT improves long term outcome.
B) BP should be monitored only in cats with risk factors for SHT
C) BP should only be monitored in cats with CS or biochemical abnormalties due to SHT
D) Early symptomatic treatment of SHT (ex: amlodipine) does not affect outcome

A

A

JVIM 2019 Conroy

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26
Q

Which is true about telmisartan to treat SHT in cats?
A) It is safe, relatively effective, and durable
B) It is effective but there is significant risk for hypotension
C) It is effective but there is significant risk for AKI
D) It is effective but GI side effects are common
E) It is initially effective but aldosterone escape occurs at median 1mo

A

A) Well tolerated, relatively effective (half of cats BP <150 at 1mo), durable

JVIM 2019 Coleman
JFMS 2019 Coleman
2019 Glaus

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27
Q

What is the most common underlying cause for hypertensive emergencies in dogs and cats?

Two most common CS?

Overall survival rate? How did species affect this?

A

AKI

Seizures > blindness

Half; we need a better way to recognize and treat

JSAP 2022 Beeston

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28
Q

Which ACE enzyme is involved in the alternate (protective) RAAS pathway? Which organs in the body is it primarily found (2)?

A

ACE2

Renal tubular epith&raquo_space;> left ventricle

JVIM 2019 Larouche-Lebel

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29
Q

List at least 3 causes of diuretic resistance.

A

Poor GI absorption
Decr renal tubular transpofrt
Loop of Henle atrophy
RAAS activation

JVIM 2020 Adin

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30
Q

Which electrolyte can help differentiate MVD stage C vs D?

A

Low Cl –> more common in stage D

Possibly d/t higher diuretic dose (1:2 Na:Cl loss), diuretic resistance, RAAS, ADH, water retention

Note:
Corrected Cl = (mid ref range Na/measured Na) x measured Cl
Only stage D dogs (not B1, B2, compensated CHF dogs) have corr Cl > measured Cl, indicating water excess

JVIM 2020 Adin
JVIM 2020 Adin

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31
Q

Which is true about dogs with ACE polymorphism?
A) Tend to have higher baseline RAAS activity
B) Tend to have more aldosterone breakthrough
C) Tend to be resistant to ACEi
D) Tend to be resistant to spironolactone
E) Does not appear to affect RAAS

A

B – these dogs may particularly benefit from spironolactone

JVIM 2020

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32
Q

Which results in more alternative (protective) angiotensin peptides in dogs and cats, and one potential mechanism why?

ACEi
ARB

A

ARB

ACE2 shunts BOTH AT1 and AT2 to the alternative pathway. But, with ACEi, ACE doesn’t work –> no AT2 –> less substrate for ACE2.

JVIM 2020 Laroughe-Lebel
JVIM 2020 Huh

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33
Q

True or False: Estrogen upregulates ACE activity.

A

True – highest ACE in FI > FS > MI

JVIM 2023 Adin

34
Q

True or False: Serum Cys-C and urinary NGAL are higher in MVD vs healthy dogs.

A

True

NGAL scales with MVD severity

Cys-C is associated w/ worse MVD prognosis even without azotemia

Altogether could imply MVD mediated renal damage

JVIM 2023 Iwasa
JVIM 2022 Triola

35
Q

True or False: Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery causes AKI.

A

True – high Iosin and urinary CysB post op, some also incr creat

JVECC 2022 Starybrat

36
Q

In dogs with PHT, which echo findings predict R CHF?

Which affect px?

Which is going to be more significantly affected in precapillary (vs postcapillary) PHT?

A) RA size
B) RV size
C) RA systolic dysfunction
D) RV systolic dysfunction

A

R CHF: RA size

Worse Px: RA size, RV dysfunction (quantified by TAPSE – tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion)

Precapillary PHT: RV systolic dysfunction

JVIM 2018 Vezzosi
JVIM 2022 Feldhutter
JVIM 2020

37
Q

11yr MN mixed breed with acute onset of respiratory distress over the past 3 days. CXR showed R cardiomegaly and a patchy interstitial pattern. Echo is consistent with PHT. There is no L sided heart disease.

What group of PHT are you most concerned about? Why should you NOT try sildenafil?

Px?

A

Group 1: pulmonary arterial hypertension (r/o pulmonary venoocclusive disease, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis)

Sildenafil –> vasodilation –> pulmonary edema. Don’t do it!

Px is grave (true even in people) – MST 3d

JVIM 2019 Reinero

38
Q

Which is true about treatment of pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease?
A) Tricuspid regurge pressure gradient is strongly predictive of survival.
B) Symptomatic tx (ex: sildenafil) may eventually be d/c’d if the underlying cause for PHT is treated and resolved.
C) Severely affected PHT dogs (ex: syncope) are less likely to benefit from sildenafil.

A

B

TRPG only weakly assoc with survival and dogs with severe CS can still respond to sildenafil

JVIM 2020 Johnson

39
Q

True or False: In a study looking at respiratory dogs with and without bronchomalacia, PHT was equally distributed across both groups.

A

False – Over half of bronchomalacia dogs (and tended to be more severe) vs a quarter of non-BM

JVIM 2020 Gamracy

40
Q

Which is true regarding ACEi dosing and survival in dogs with heart disease? Cats?
A) Better to start at a higher dose, split BID
B) Better to start at a higher dose given SID
C) Better to start at a lower dose BID to avoid adverse effects
D) Better to start at a lower dose SID to avoid adverse effects
E) ACEi do not impact survival

A

Dogs - A) higher dose BID
Cats - E) ACEi do not impact survival

JVIM 0221 Ward
JVIM 2019 King

41
Q

How do kittens compare to adult cats regarding normal ranges for the following?

VHS
NT-proBNP
R heart measurements
LA diameter

A

Kittens – higher VHS, smaller LA diameter

No difference – NTproBNP, R heart

Helpful to establish RIs to help rule out pathologic vs innocent murmurs

JFMS 2021 Gunther-Harrington

42
Q

How can you cause an “iatrogenic murmur” in cats during an exam?

A

Pressure on R thorax –> R heart wall –> DRVOTO

Esp in older, lean cats

JVIM 2020 Ferasin
JSAP 2022 Howell

43
Q

True or False: In dogs with pulmonary stenosis, structural and functional echo findings correlate with clinical severity.

A

True

JVIM 2023 Patata

44
Q

5yr FI Yorkie with intermittent PL collapse. She has never been to a vet before. You auscult a continuous murmur. Her anus is cyanotic but her gums are pink.

What is your top ddx?
What medication should you give to improve survival time?

A

R to L or bidirectional PDA

With sildenafil at initial presentation, MST 5yrs (without - 10mo)

If develops R CHF, survival 2mo

JVIM 2021 Greet

45
Q

What is the success rate for Amplatzer self expanding vascular plugs in treatment of PDA? How does dog size affect this?

A

95+% regardless of dog size since they made smaller plugs that can be used with smaller catheters

JVIM 2021 Hildebrandt
JVIM 2020 Hulsman

46
Q

Which routine echo measurement has highest operator dependent variability?

A

LA:Ao

JVIM 2020 Hsue

47
Q

Which breed is prone to sick sinus syndrome? What clinical sign does this cause?

A) Yorkie
B) Mini poodle
C) CKCS
D) Mini Schnauzer
E) Mini dachshund

A

D) Mini schnauzer - esp prone to MV prolapse

Syncope

JAVMA 2021 DeProspero

48
Q

In healthy CKCS, how does their mitral valve morphology differ from that of other healthy dogs?

What proportion of older CKCS have MVD?

A

Healthy dogs: elliptical, saddle-shaped MV
Healthy CKCS: flatter, reduced leaflet tenting
**Probably plays a role in them developing MVD

Almost 100% by 11yrs

JVIM 2019 Menciotti

49
Q

What radiographic measurement predicts LA enlargement?

How to you obtain this measurement?

A

Vertebral LA size (VLAS) >2.5 vertebrae (90+% specificity if >3.5)

How: measure ventral carina to dorsal border of CVC. Take that lenght from cranial T4 and count vertebrae.

Better than VHS

JAVMA 2019 Malcolm
JVIM 2021 Lam
JAVMA 2020 Stepien

50
Q

Just FYI. Advanced MVD/worse px/shorter survival

–Inappropriate LV arterial coupling (VAC) based on Ea/Eas
–High trimethylamine N-oxidase (TMAO)
–High carnitine and esters
–High NTproBNP
–High MINE score >8 (LA:Ao, LVEDD, FS, transmitral peak velocity)

A

JVIM 2021 Osuga
JVIM 2019 Karlin
JVIM 2021 Wilshaw
JVIM 2021 Vezzosi

51
Q

What is sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto)?

A

Combo ARB and neprilysin (NEP) inhibitor (prevents ANP breakdown –> allowed to persist and oppose aldosterone)

JVIM 2018 Newhard

52
Q

MVD dogs with mitral valve repair:
–How long to see improvement in QoL post op?
–When does this plateau?
–How long does it last?

A

1 mo, 3mo, at least a year

JAVMA 2022 Pennington

53
Q

Infective endocarditis:
–Signalment (size, sex)
–Frequency of fever, vegetative lesions, positive blood culture?
–Top three isolates?
–MST? What one medication drastically extends this? How does affected valve affect MST?

A

–Male, large breed
–Half, almost all, 60%
–S. pseud, Bartonella, E. coli
–2.5mo – worse if develop CHF. Etiology and valve did not affect outcome. Antithrombotics –> MST not reached.

JVIM 2022 Reagan

54
Q

True or False: Cats with HCM have markers of inflammation and glucose dysregulation.

A

True – high SAA, insulin, Glu, IGF-1

**Note – the glucose stuff was associated with high BCS too…correlation? Causation? But, one study fed a low glycemic, fish oil supplemented diet and found echo, cTnI and IGF-1 improved…

JVIM 2020
JVIM 2020 van Hoek

55
Q

Which are true about pimo in HCM cats with CHF? Select all that apply.
A) It is safe for most HCM cats
B) It is only safe for HCM cats without LVOT obstruction
C) It may be effective for most HCM cats
D) It may be effective for HCM cats without LVOT obstruction

A

A, D

JVIM 2020 Ward
JVIM 2021 Schober

56
Q

Are the following higher, lower, or no different in HCM cats with and without systolic anterior motion?

A

Both are higher

JVIM 2020 Seo

57
Q

RCM is associated with (systolic) (diastolic) dysfunction.

What are the two subtypes of RCM?

How common is CHF at the time of diagnosis?

Prognostic factors?

A

Poor compliance –> diastolic dysfunction

Myocardial (90% of cats): interstitial myocardial fibrosis
Endomyocardial: thick hyperechoic tissue bridging LV lumen

~90% CHF

Highly variable depending on the study
–MST 2mo vs 1.2yrs
–Possible px factors: resp distress, LA:Ao

JFMS 2018 Locatelli
JVIM 2019 Chetboul

58
Q

True or False: Cats in CHF tend to have high SDMA and creat.

A

True

JVIM 0220 Liu

59
Q

NTproBNP is cheaper than recheck CXR. Can you use NTproBNP to monitor for resolution of CHF?

A

No

JVIM 2021 Murphy

60
Q

True or False: Torsemide should only be used as a rescue diuretic, not first line.

A

False
–SID rather than BID/TID dosing
–Less than half the risk of cardiac death or euth in one study

JVIM 2020 Besche

61
Q

Which is true about treating MVD Stage C with benazepril +/- spironolactone?
A) Benaz alone is equally effective
B) Combo is more effective and just as safe
C) Combo is more effective but greater risk of adverse effects
D) No additional benefit from spirono and there is incr risk of adverse effects

A

B

JVIM 2021 Coffman

62
Q

Cardiac cachexia is a poor prognostic indicator for:
A) Dogs
B) Cats
C) Both
D) Neither

A

C Both

JVIM 2020 Santiago

63
Q

For CHF vs non-CHF indications for positive pressure ventilation:
–Which is more likely to survive to discharge?
–Which is more likely to have longer survival post discharge?

A

CHF

Non-CHF

JVECC 2022 Oppenheimer

64
Q

A-fib:
–Goal HR <____
–Factors at admit associated with failure to achieve HR goal (3)
–Worse prognosis (2)

A

HR <125 – MUCH longer MST (1.6yrs vs HR >125 1mo)

Hard to do if at admit:
–Big LA
–Incr CRP
–Low BP

Worse px
–Congenital heart disease
–Higher NTproBNP

JVIM 2023 Pedro

65
Q

A-fib is an uncommon complication of MVD. What factors is it associated with? (1 signalment, 1 disease stage, 2 echo findings)

A

Large breed
Advanced disease
Big LA, decr FS

JVIM 2020 Guglielmini
JVIM 2020 Toaldo

66
Q

Sotalol:
–Class of antiarrhythmic?
–2 MoAs?
–Dangerous or generally well tolerated?

A

Class III

K+ channel blocker
Nonselective beta blocker (BUT only modest neg inotropy; mitigated by prolonged AP –> incr time for Ca entry)

Generally well tolerated, even if preexisting systolic dysfunction or atrial enlargement

JVIM 2018 Visser

67
Q

Atrioventricular accessory pathways (aka orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia)
–Signalment (Breed, sex)
–CS
–ECG
–High, moderate, low success rate with lidocaine? Radiofrequency catheter ablation?

A

Male labs

Nonspecific

Regular, narrow QRS complex tachycardia that terminates into second degree AV block

High, high

JVIM 2019 Wright
JVIM 2019 Wright

68
Q

True or False: Lidocaine is arrhythmogenic when used to treat supraventricular arrhythmias.

A

True

JVECC 2022 Seo

69
Q

Which is true about pericardial catheters?
A) Placement requires anesthesia
B) Placement is technically challenging
C) Arrhythmogenic
D) Increase risk of infection vs needle pericardiocentesis
E) Useful to facilitate repeat pericardiocentesis

A

E

Easy to place, sedation, no incr adverse effects vs needle

25% of dogs need repeat pericardiocentesis

JVECC 2019 Cook
JVECC 2021 Cook

70
Q

ATE in dogs:
–Proportion with risk factors? (Most, some, few)
–Most common comorbidity?
–PE finding assoc with survival to discharge?
–Overall px?

A

Most, most commonly PLN
Ambulation status
Poor – <20% alive at 3mo

JVIM 2020 Ruehl

71
Q

Which has the highest and lowest risk of ATE in cats?

CHF with pleural effusion
CHF with pulmonary edema
High LA:Ao

A

Highest risk: high LA:Ao
Lowest risk: CHF with pleural effusion

JFMS 2022 Busato

72
Q

True or False: tPA, when given promptly after admit, significantly improves px in cats with ATE. But, they are at higher risk for reperfusion injury and AKI compared with supportive care.

A

False

Px no better and similar complication rate

JFMS 2019 Guillaumin

73
Q

“Alabama Rot”
–Actual medical name for it?
–Breed(s) in US vs UK?
–Etiology?
–Typical presentations and associated prognosis?

A

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy

US - greyhounds only. UK - many breeds.

Etiology unknown

Presentations:
–Skin only - excellent px
–Skin then AKI - 100% mortality if AKI came </= 10d after skin stuff
–AKI then skin – fair with intensive management

VCNA 2019 Jepson

74
Q

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy:
–CBC/Chem/UA and AUS
–Gold standard dfdx. What can this be confused with?

A

CBC: high neuts, non- or preregen anemia, thrombocytopenia
Blood smear: acanthocytes, echino, schisto (all support microangiopathic hemolysis)

Chem: renal, LEs, Tbili, CK

UA: almost all have hematuria/Hb; 70% olig/anuria; glu, casts

AUS: +/- hyperechoic renal cortices

Dfdx:
Gold standard = renal histopath, fairly contraindicated premortem. Fibrinoid necrosis, thrombosis, esp glomeruli. Can look like hemolytic uremic syndrome (but HU doesn’t have skin stuff).
Skin bx can be supportive but not definitive

VCNA 2019 Jepson

75
Q

Tx for utaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy?

A

Who knows – try clopidogrel and immunosupp

Rarely need significant wound care, abx

Consider dialysis, TPE

VCNA 2019 Jepson

76
Q

True or False: Alveolar edema causes cough.

A

False – lower airways don’t have cough receptors. That’s why NCPE dogs present with incr RR/RE but NOT cough.

JSAP 2019 Ferasin

77
Q

Which two breeds are prone to arteriosclerosis? What does this cause?

A

Shelties, greyhounds

ATE

VCNA 2019 Dunn

78
Q

ATE in DOGS:
–How does onset of signs impact px?
–Tx besides medical management? How does this differ in cats?

A

–Acute –> much shorter survival (9d vs 10mo if chronic)
–Get rid of or squish the clot using IR, sx, local tPa, balloon, stent. Don’t do that in cats – one study showed similar outcome to med mgmt alone.

VCNA 2019 Dunn

79
Q

Which is the most common?
Which should be treated with balloon valvuloplasty? What medication should be given preprocedure?

Pulmonic stenosis
Aortic/subaortic stenosis

A

Pulmonic stenosis - most common congenital heart defect
Tx with balloon. Atenolol (beta blocker) 2-4 weeks prior.

Aortic/subaortic stenosis – can try balloon but nothing (incl sx, med mgmt) worse great (risk of sudden death)

VCNA 2019 Scansen

80
Q

What minimally invasive procedure can be performed for L CHF due to MVD?

MST post procedure?

A

Make an atrial septal defect –> immediate reduction in LA pressure

6mo

JAVMA 2021 Allen

81
Q

True or False: High dose pimo is beneficial in dogs with advanced MVD and/or concurrent renal disease.

A

False

No difference in NTproBNP, echo, or GFR in high dose vs standard dose pimo

JVIM 2022 Kaplan

82
Q

Neutrophil extracellular traps are high in cats with:
HCM
ATE
Both
Neither

A

Both – possible novel biomarker and therapeutic target

JVIM 2023 Li

DACVIM Literature 2018-2023 (13 decks)

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