Cardiology

Question 1

Causes of ejection systolic murmurs

Answer 1

Louder on EXpiration
Aortic stenosis
Aortic sclerosis (no radiation to carotids)
HOCM

Louder on INSpiration
Pulmonary stenosis
ASD

Tetralogy of fallot

Question 2

Give 2 causes of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 2

Congenital (majority)
Malignant carcinoid (rare)

Question 3

Causes of pan systolic murmurs and characteristics

Answer 3

Mitral/ Tricuspid regurgitation (high pitched + blowing)
Ventricular septal defect (harsh)

Question 4

How can you differentiate between mitral and tricuspid regurgitation murmurs?

Answer 4

TR louder during inspiration, unlike MR

As during inspiration, venous blood flow into RA + RV are increased → increases the stroke volume of the RV during systole

Question 5

Causes of late systolic murmurs

Answer 5

Mitral valve prolapse
Coarctation of aorta

Question 6

Causes of early diastolic murmurs and characteristics

Answer 6

Aortic regurgitation
Graham-Steel (pulmonary regurgitation)

Both high pitched + blowing

Question 7

Causes of mid-diastolic murmurs and character

Answer 7

Mitral stenosis
Austin Flint (severe aortic regurgitation)

Both Rumbling

Question 8

Cause of continuous machinery-like murmur

Answer 8

Patent ductus arteriosus