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Medical Terminology > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aneurysm

A

localized enlargement of an artery; can result in a stroke if it ruptures in the brain; no symptoms; like a balloon; caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension; the stroke can cause hemiplegia or immediate death; if ruptures in the heart you will bleed out in seconds; common

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2
Q

Angina

A

1) severe chest pain due to ischemia of the myocardium, usu happens during exertion; pain will resolve after they stop whatever they are doing; warning sign of a heart attack (MI)

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3
Q

`Pulmonary Edema

A

excessive fluid in the lungs

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4
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

4) end stage heart disease where the ventricles are so damaged (caused by a big MI or multiple small MI’s) they can no longer pump blood effectively; left-sided blood backs up results in pulmonary edema; common; can happen over time of suddenly; (TX: transplant)

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5
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

2a) plaquing that occurs inside the coronary arteries; happens everywhere (blood pressure)

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6
Q

`Coronary Arteries

A

branches of the aorta that feed oxygen to the heart; there are only 2 coronary arteries to feed the heart oxygen

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

2b) fat plaque (atheroma) that adheres to and hardens arteries causes arteriostenosis; what CAD is; plaque embeds into your artery walls like a scab; can’t be cleaned b/c of the delicate artery

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8
Q

`Arteriostenosis

A

artery narrowing

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9
Q

`Atheroma

A

fat plaque made of cholesterol

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10
Q

Arrhythmia

A

absence or lack of rhythm in heart beat; can result in fibrillation; unrhythmic twitching of the body (Kylee Shea)

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11
Q

Fibrillation

A

when the heart shakes and it’s not pumping blood

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12
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

3) heart attack - full blockage of a coronary artery which results in death of myocardium; 10 mins max w/o oxygen; ina regular artery or coronary artery; plaque; myocardium doesn’t regenerate when dead; distale right side myocardium is the best prognosis; worst prognosis- proximal left sided (widow maker) VENTRICLES (the proximal plaque is soften which can cause it to chip & clog itself to block blood flow )

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13
Q

CAD Medication

A

blood thinner; issues w/ a CABG or heart transplant; but a balloon angioplasty w/ stent is fine

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14
Q

Cholesterol

A

made in the liver; made to repair blood vessels; tested by a blood chemistry test; high cholesterol has no symptoms; normal- 200; **directly indicates how much CAD you have
2 types:
LDL- bad; fixes the artery; overproduction is caused by bad diet and proteins; higher #’s; causes inflammation
HDL- good; grabs the LDL; oats, some rices; not enough HDL; lower #’s;

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15
Q

Angiogram/Angiography

A

2a) used to locate blockage of artery; squirts dye in the coronary arteries; uses help from a fluoroscopy; used to see where the arteries done profuse; helps w/ cardiac catheterization

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16
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

a live x-ray

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17
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

2b) tube that is run up form the groin into coronary arteries

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18
Q

Stress Test

A

1) a test to check for blockages of coronary artery system; angina; EKG; treadmill

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19
Q

Pacemaker

A

internal defibrillator that regulates heart rate; tx for an arrhythmia & V-fib; can act as a defibrillator; on the left side leads into the S & I vena cava

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20
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

4) bypassing the blocked artery w/ another artery (usu in the thigh) taken from the patient from somewhere else; least preferred; opens up rib cage; sew to the aorta then a distal part; high-risk; hemolytic anemia; cardio-thoracic surgeon

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21
Q

Heart Transplant

A

treatment for CHF

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22
Q

Balloon Angioplasty w/ Stent

A

3) uses a balloon to open up clogged artery; wall the catherization is in; leaves minimally invasive; super successful; can be done within 5 mins; uses fluoroscopy; interventional cardiologists

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23
Q

What two pairs of valves close in sync?

A

Tricuspid valve & Bicuspid valve
Pulmonary valve & Aortic valve

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24
Q

Capillary

A

allows oxygen into the bloodstream; small & fragile

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25
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

circulation from right side of the heart to the lungs and back; exchanges Co2 for O2 in lungs (one molecule); special blood arteries (so small on only hold one blood cell); arteries -> arterioles -> capillary

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26
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

circulation from the left side of the heart to the body and back; exchanges O2 for Co2 in the body (one molecule); hard to pump blood to all body; left ventricle works harder; muscle could be twice as big; the widow maker; capillary -> ventials -> viens

27
Q

Conduction

A

the electrical signals through the heart to trigger muscle contraction; sinoatrial node (SA node) (starts the electric impulse) -> atrial contracts -> atrial ventricular (AV node) -> ventricle contracts; natural pacemaker

28
Q

Blood Pressure

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of our arteries/veins (like a garden hose); narrow arteries exerts pressure in it; written as a ratio; normal adult BP is 120/80 mmHG (max); measured in mmHG/millimeters of mercury

29
Q

Hypertension

A

(silent killer) high BP; over 140/90 mmHG; danger is in the capillaries rupturing; no symptoms; if left untreated can lead to kidney failure & stroke of the brain; every cell around a ruptured blood vessel will die; tx- reduce salt (it constricts the blood vessels) and fat intake & BP medication; cause- bad diet, lack of exercise, family history

30
Q

Stroke

A

capillaries in the brain rupture due to high BP; can cause hemiplegia

31
Q

Systolic BP

A

ventricular contraction (systole) top number of BP; temopary increase in volume of blood entering the pipe; blood is going to palm artery & aortic artery (open)

32
Q

Diastolic BP

A

ventricular relaxation (diastole) decrease in BP; blood is going into the ventricles (open)

33
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

cuff used to take BP

34
Q

Pulse

A

throbbing of arteries due to ventricular contraction; normal- 60-90 bpm; temporary increase in volume of blood in the arteries

35
Q

Temporal Pulse Points

A

on the temples on the sides of you head; near your eye ball

36
Q

Carotid Pulse Points

A

where you traps and neck meet; front sides of your neck; above collar bone

37
Q

Apical Pulse Point

A

center of your chest; must be taken with a stethoscope

38
Q

Brachial Pulse Points

A

above elbow pit; where you take BP;

39
Q

Femoral Pulse Points

A

groin area

40
Q

Radial Pulse Points

A

wrist area, below the thumb pad; most common pulse point; used in trauma because it is distal

41
Q

Popliteal Pulse Points

A

behind the knee

42
Q

Dorsal Pedal Pulse Points

A

on the inside of the ankle; this can assume normal blood flow if in the 60-90 range; used in trauma because it is distal

43
Q

Flow of deoxygenated blood

A

Body -> Superior & Inferior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs

44
Q

Flow of oxygenated blood

A

Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Mitral/Bicuspid Valve -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta -> Body

45
Q

V-fib

A

ventricular fibrillation (more likely to be fatal)

46
Q

A-fib

A

articular fibrillation (not fatal)

47
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (pulse); below 60 bpm

48
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast heart rate (pulse); above 90 bpm

49
Q

Shock

A

sudden drop in BP resulting in inadequate venous (blood) return; decreased blood to the brain causes you to pass out; tx- depends on the type

50
Q

Embolus

A

circulating blood clot; pulmonary emboli; high risk if on blood thinners; air bubble can act the same but isn’t a embolus

51
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot that got stuck inside blood vessel (arms & legs)

52
Q

Heart Murmur

A

abnormal heart sound due to a valve problem (deformed valve); mitral valve murmur is more serious; can get a valve replacement; can self-resolve

53
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to the heart w/ a stethoscope

54
Q

Hypotension

A

low BP

55
Q

Holter Monitor

A

portable EKG that monitors electrical impulses through the heart (24/7); good for kids

56
Q

EKG (electrocardiogram)

A

measures the electrical signals through the heart; used for an arrhythmia & MI

57
Q

Defibrillation

A

shocking the heart to stop it so it can correct itself & beat normally (AED); the ones in the hospital can control the level of shock manually

58
Q

Angiotensin-Converting (ACE) Inhibitor

A

dilates blood vessals

59
Q

Anticoagulant

A

reduces blood clotting

60
Q

Antihypertensive

A

reduce BP

61
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

restores rhythm to heart

62
Q

Calcium Channel Blocker

A

dilates blood vessels

63
Q

Diuretic

A

makes your kidneys urinate out excess fluid

64
Q

Digoxin/Digitalis

A

strengthens the contraction of the heart

Medical Terminology (4 decks)

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