Cardiology Flashcards
ECG signs/causes
- Causes of LAD
- Most common = Electrical Conductive Abnormality*
- Causes of RAD
- Wolff-Parkinson
- PE
- Normal finding in children
- Left hemi-block
- Anterolateral MI
- Signs of Pulmonary Embolism
- Most common:* Tachycardia
Pulmonary embolism displays classical ECG changes S1Q3T3, however the commonest finding on ECGs in PE is tachycardia.
- Signs of Pericarditis
- Widespread ST Elevation
- Pericarditis is commonly caused by myocardial infarction and viruses such as Coxsackie B, which means there is frequently a history of flu-like illness.
- Causes of AF
There are numerous causes of atrial fibrillation but the most common is usually ischaemic heart disease/MI.
Other causes include:
* Mitral stenosis (not aortic until much later in the disease process) * Thyrotoxicosis * Pneumonia * Pulmonary embolism, and * Sepsis.
COPD is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and they are often associated.
Tetralogy of Fallot features
Tetralogy of Fallot commonly appears in which genetic condition?
Down’s Syndrome
Which anatomical abnormality in Tetralogy of Fallot determines the level of cyanosis?
Pulmonary stenosis
Most common infant cardiac abnormality?
Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital cardiac lesions
Heart failure, syncope + angina are signs of what valvular disorder?
Aortic stenosis
Biggest cause of heart disease?
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Which valve is most commonly affected in valvular heart disease and is it stenosis or regurg?
Mitral Regurgitation (mild)
Gold standard for diagnosis of aortic stenosis?
Trans-thoracic echocardiogram
Most common causes of aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a consequence of narrowing of the aortic valve causing outflow obstruction of the left ventricle. It may be caused by rheumatic fever but this is less common now with most cases due to degenerative changes and calcification.
Cardiogenic shock, tachycardia, cyanosis, pulmonary edema are all signs of what type of valvular disorder?
Aortic Regurgitations
What’s the name given to the short, loud, snapping noise associated with the pulse in someone with chronic aortic regurgitation?
Pistol shot pulse
What’s the informal name for Corrigan pulse and what valvular disorder does it indicate?
Water Hammer Pulse - Aortic Regurgitation
It will feel like a tapping impulse through the patient’s forearm due to the rapid emptying of blood from the arm during diastole.
‘a low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur heard best at the apex.’ indicates which valvular disorder?
Austin-Flint murmur: Acute Aortic Regurgitation
BP of 125/50 indicates what?
WIDE PULSE PRESSURE - Aortic Regurgitation
Acute AR treatment?
Ionotropes + SAVR/TAVI
Chronic AR asymptomatic treatment?
Reassurange + Medications
Chronic AR symptomatic treatment?
Vasodilator + SAVR/TAVI
Chronic MR asymptomatic treatment?
ACE inhibitor
if LVEF < 60%, β-blockers
Most common valvular disorders?
MR AS - systolic
In acute AR, what’s the cause of death?
A back up of lung blood
- Starts off with aortic valve weakening
- Blood regurges into the left ventricle from aorta during diastole
- Increased end-diastolic pressure
- Pushes back on pulmonary circulation
- Pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock
In chronic AR, what’s the cause of death?
A problem with heart’s muscles
- Initially, a compensatory increase in stroke volume can maintain adequate cardiac output despite regurgitation (compensated heart failure)
- Over time, increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume
- LV enlargement and eccentric hypertrophy of myocardium
- left ventricular systolic dysfunction
- Lower coronary perfusion causing ischaemia, necrosis + apoptosis
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic, Alcoholism, After pregnancy, Autoimmune, Thyroid disease
In familial DCM, if at least 2 family members have the condition what’s the chance of a 1st degree relative getting it?
50%
What are 2 things that should be covered in counselling a patient with DCM?
Diet (fluid/sodium restriction)
Treating underlying conditions
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy produces systolic/diastolic impairment?
Diastolic
Which electrodes make up…
- Lead 1
RA → LA
- Lead 2
RA → LL
- Lead 3
LA → LL
Formula for MAP + Ejection Fraction?
MAP: DBP + 1/3 (SBP - DBP)
EF: SV/EDV times 100
Some non-medical details that should be checked on an ECG?
- Correct recording?
- Signal quality and leads?
- Voltage and Paper speed?
- Patient background
Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia
Deficiency in GPIIb/IIIa - platelet aggregation issues
Ranges for severe spontaneous bleeding, spontaneous bleeding, bleeding with trauma and normal bleeding?
