Cardiology 10.1 Structures and Organization of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the central organ of the cardiovascular system
A
The Heart
2
Q
What are the 2 parts of the pericardium
A
Fibrous Pericardium
Serous Pericardium
3
Q
How does the pericardium function to protect the heart?
A
- Anchoring it in place
2. Prevent it from over stretching
4
Q
What are the layers of the Serous Pericardium?
A
- Parietal
2. Visceral
5
Q
What substance is between the 2 layers of the Serous Pericardium?
A
Lubricating Fluid
6
Q
What are the 3 layers of the Heart?
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
7
Q
What layer is also a part of the Epicardium?
A
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
8
Q
How many chambers compose the heart?
A
4
9
Q
What are the names of the chambers of the heart?
A
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
10
Q
Where does the Right Ventricle pump blood too?
A
The lungs
11
Q
Where does the Left Ventricle pump blood too?
A
The rest of the body.
12
Q
What carries blood away from the heart?
A
Arteries
13
Q
What carries blood to the heart from the rest of the body?
A
Veins
14
Q
What does blood travel through when it is pumped from the Right Ventricle to the Lungs?
A
Pulmonary Artery
15
Q
What does blood travel through when it returns to the heart from the lungs?
A
Pulmonary Vein
16
Q
What valves are considered Atrioventricular Valves?
A
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
17
Q
What valves are considered Semilunar valves?
A
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
18
Q
Where does DEoxygenated blood enter the heart?
A
Right Atrium
19
Q
By what 3 pathways can deoxygenated blood travel to the heart?
A
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
20
Q
What chamber pumps blood into the Aorta?
A
Left Ventricle
21
Q
What carries blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?
A
Aorta
22
Q
How does blood flow through the body?
A
Blood flows into the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. From the lungs through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, then pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta to the rest of the body. Blood then returns via the Inferior/Superior vena cava to the right atrium.
23
Q
The Vena Cava does what function in the body?
A
Drain deoxygenated blood from the lower body (inferior vena cava) and upper body (superior vena cava) into the right atrium.
24
Q
What is blood flow through the myocardium known as?
A
Coronary circulation
25
What are the principal coronary vessels?
Left coronary artery
| Right coronary artery
26
What collects the heart's deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium
Coronary sinus
27
In what structure does Cardiac Excitement normally begin?
Sinoatrial(SA) node
28
From the SA node, what is the next step in cardiac excitement?
Conducts through the atria, via Bachmann's bundles, causing contraction.
29
What node is responsible for cardiac excitement of the ventricles?
Atrioventricular(AV) node
30
How is cardiac excitement transmitted from the AV node?
Through the AV bundle branches (bundle of his) to the Purkinje fibers
31
What are 3 discernable waves on an ECG?
P wave
QRS Complex
T wave
32
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
33
What does the QRS Complex represent?
Ventricular Depolarization
34
What does a T wave represent?
Ventricular Repolarization
35
Why can we not discern Atrial Repolarization?
It is hidden by the QRS Complex. (ventricular depolarization)
36
How long is a cardiac cycle?
1 heartbeat (approx. 0.8 sec)
37
What are the 3 phase of a cardiac cycle?
1. Relaxation Period
2. Atrial Systole
3. Ventricular Systole
38
During the relaxation phase, what percentage of the ventricle is filled with blood?
75%
39
What phase pushed the blood from the ventricles to the corresponding artery?
Ventricular Depolarization
40
What happens during Atrial Depolarization?
Atriums contract and the empty 25% of the ventricles are filled with blood.
41
What is the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute called?
Cardiac Output.
42
What is the Cardiac Output formula?
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
43
Approximately how much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?
70ml
44
What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
45
What is the ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow (constrict or
dilate) into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.
Autoregulation
46
What are very thin vessels that form when capillaries unite?
Venules
47
Thin vessels that are formed by arteries branching down in size are called:
Arterioles
48
What are hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body called?
Capillaries
49
What connects arterioles and venules and are also known as exchange vessels?
Capillaries
50
What are thick triple layer vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
51
What are designated vessels that return blood to the heart?
Veins
52
What is the total volume of blood contained in the veins and venules?
64%
53
Where does the slowest rate of blood flow take place and why?
Capillaries, to allow the exchange of substances and nutrients through vessel walls.
54
Excess lost fluid is returned to the circulatory system via what?
Lymphatic System
55
How much blood volume is typically in the cardiovascular system?
Normally 5 Liters (5.3 quarts)
56
What is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of vessels as the ventricles contract?
Blood Pressure
57
Where is blood pressure highest in the body?
The Aorta and large systemic arteries
58
What is vascular resistance?
Opposition to flow (lumen size)
59
What factors regulate blood flow and BP?
```
Cardiac Output (volume and contraction)
Vascular Resistance
```
60
What are 3 ways that increase vascular resistance?
```
Vasoconstriction (smaller lumen)
Weight gain (greater vessel length)
High Hematocrit (higher viscosity)
```
61
What regulates blood flow to the body?
The Brain
62
3 main types of receptors that provide feedback are:
Proprioceptors
Baroceptors
Chemoreceptors
63
What are 2 main pathways for circulation of blood through the body?
Systemic arteries
| Systemic Veins
64
What is the name for the route that blood takes from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and back to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation
65
Where does the gas exchange take place to re-oxygenate blood?
Pulmonary capillaries
66
Four principle branches of the Aorta are:
Ascending Aorta
Arch of the Aorta
Thoracic Descending
Abdominal Descending
67
What arteries branch off the ascending aorta?
Left and right coronary arteries
68
What branches off of the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian
Left carotid
69
What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?
Right carotid
| Right subclavian
70
What major branch to the brain does the right subclavian give off before it passes into the axilla?
Right Vertebral Artery
71
Subclavian arteries branch further into what arteries?
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
72
Which arteries supply blood to the different parts of the arms?
Axillary : Shoulder
Brachial : Upper Arm
Radial : Lateral portion of the forearm, wrist, and hand
Ulnar : Medial portion of the forearm, wrist, and hand
73
The Thoracic Aorta has what main arteries that branch off of it?
Bronchial
Esophageal
Posterior intercostal
Superior phrenic
74
The Celiac trunk branches into:
Inferior Phrenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
75
The superior mesenteric artery supplies what parts of the body?
Small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colon, pancreas
76
The adrenal glands are supplied blood from what artery?
Suprarenal Artery
77
Kidneys get their blood from which artery?
Renal Artery
78
The Gonadal Arteries branch into:
Testicular or Ovarian Arteries
79
The Common Iliac Arteries branch from what main Artery?
Abdominal Aorta
80
What arteries supply the pelvis?
Internal Iliac arteries
81
What does the External Iliac arteries supply blood to?
Lower limbs
82
What are the 5 arteries that the External Iliac branch into?
```
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial
Medial and lateral plantar
```
83
The plantar arteries supply blood to what parts of the body?
Muscles and skin of the feet and toes
84
Lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals, and the thigh are all examples of areas supplied by what artery?
Femoral Artery
85
Calf Muscles, patella, fibula, femur, posterior leg muscles and skin are examples of area supplied by this artery:
Popliteal Artery
86
The posterior tibial artery supplies blood to what?
muscles, bones, and joints of the leg and foot
87
The anterior muscles and skin of the legs, ankle joints and knee joint have their blood supplied by this artery:
Anterior Tibial Artery
88
What generates pressure to move blood through the veins back to the heart?
Respiratory pump
Skeletal muscle pump
Contractions of the Heart
89
What is the largest vein in the body?
Inferior Vena Cava
90
What 3 systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
Coronary Sinus
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
91
3 main veins that drain blood away from the head.
Internal Jugular
External Jugular
Vertebral Veins
92
Name the 3 superficial veins that drain the upper body.
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Antecubital Vein
93
Name the 5 Deep Veins that drain the upper body
```
Radial Veins
Ulnar Veins
Brachial Veins
Axillary Veins
Subclavian Veins
```
94
Where does blood circulation during Hepatic Portal circulation?
1. Blood drains from the GI tract and spleen to hepatic portal vein
2. is delivered to the liver to be processed and absorb substances from the GI tract
3. Returns to systemic circulation via the hepatic vein
95
The superficial veins that drain the lower body are?
Greater Saphenous
| Small Saphenous
96
Deep Veins that drain the lower body are:
Posterior tibial veins
Anterior tibial veins
Popliteal Veins
Femoral Veins
97
What are common arteries used to assess the pulse?
Radial Artery
Carotid Artery
Brachial Artery
Popliteal Artery
98
How is the pulse assessed?
By holding pressure on common arteries for one minute
99
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
100
What are considered normal blood pressure findings?
Systolic (top/first number) below 120 mm Hg
| Diastolic (bottom/second number) below 80 mmHg
101
What pulse rate is considered bradycardia?
Below 60 BPM
102
What pulse rate is considered Tachycardia?
Above 100 BPM
103
As the heart ages, what is there an increased risk of developing?
CAD, CHF and atherosclerosis
104
When speaking of regular exercise, what is the amount that is considered essential to improve overall cardiovascular health?
20 minutes 3-5 times weekly
105
What are the benefits of exercise?
1. Maintaining low resting heart rate
2. Better control of blood pressure
3. Decrease anxiety and depression
4. Control weight
5. Increase ability of body to absorb clots by fibrinolytic activity
