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Cardiology > Cardiology 10.1 Structures and Organization of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiology 10.1 Structures and Organization of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central organ of the cardiovascular system

A

The Heart

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium

Serous Pericardium

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3
Q

How does the pericardium function to protect the heart?

A
  1. Anchoring it in place

2. Prevent it from over stretching

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4
Q

What are the layers of the Serous Pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal

2. Visceral

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5
Q

What substance is between the 2 layers of the Serous Pericardium?

A

Lubricating Fluid

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Heart?

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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7
Q

What layer is also a part of the Epicardium?

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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8
Q

How many chambers compose the heart?

A

4

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9
Q

What are the names of the chambers of the heart?

A

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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10
Q

Where does the Right Ventricle pump blood too?

A

The lungs

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11
Q

Where does the Left Ventricle pump blood too?

A

The rest of the body.

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12
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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13
Q

What carries blood to the heart from the rest of the body?

A

Veins

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14
Q

What does blood travel through when it is pumped from the Right Ventricle to the Lungs?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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15
Q

What does blood travel through when it returns to the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Vein

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16
Q

What valves are considered Atrioventricular Valves?

A

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid valve

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17
Q

What valves are considered Semilunar valves?

A

Aortic Valve

Pulmonary Valve

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18
Q

Where does DEoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Right Atrium

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19
Q

By what 3 pathways can deoxygenated blood travel to the heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

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20
Q

What chamber pumps blood into the Aorta?

A

Left Ventricle

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21
Q

What carries blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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22
Q

How does blood flow through the body?

A

Blood flows into the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. From the lungs through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, then pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta to the rest of the body. Blood then returns via the Inferior/Superior vena cava to the right atrium.

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23
Q

The Vena Cava does what function in the body?

A

Drain deoxygenated blood from the lower body (inferior vena cava) and upper body (superior vena cava) into the right atrium.

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24
Q

What is blood flow through the myocardium known as?

A

Coronary circulation

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25
Q

What are the principal coronary vessels?

A

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

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26
Q

What collects the heart’s deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium

A

Coronary sinus

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27
Q

In what structure does Cardiac Excitement normally begin?

A

Sinoatrial(SA) node

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28
Q

From the SA node, what is the next step in cardiac excitement?

A

Conducts through the atria, via Bachmann’s bundles, causing contraction.

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29
Q

What node is responsible for cardiac excitement of the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular(AV) node

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30
Q

How is cardiac excitement transmitted from the AV node?

A

Through the AV bundle branches (bundle of his) to the Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

What are 3 discernable waves on an ECG?

A

P wave
QRS Complex
T wave

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32
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

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33
Q

What does the QRS Complex represent?

A

Ventricular Depolarization

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34
Q

What does a T wave represent?

A

Ventricular Repolarization

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35
Q

Why can we not discern Atrial Repolarization?

A

It is hidden by the QRS Complex. (ventricular depolarization)

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36
Q

How long is a cardiac cycle?

A

1 heartbeat (approx. 0.8 sec)

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37
Q

What are the 3 phase of a cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Relaxation Period
  2. Atrial Systole
  3. Ventricular Systole
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38
Q

During the relaxation phase, what percentage of the ventricle is filled with blood?

A

75%

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39
Q

What phase pushed the blood from the ventricles to the corresponding artery?

A

Ventricular Depolarization

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40
Q

What happens during Atrial Depolarization?

A

Atriums contract and the empty 25% of the ventricles are filled with blood.

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41
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute called?

A

Cardiac Output.

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42
Q

What is the Cardiac Output formula?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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43
Q

Approximately how much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?

A

70ml

44
Q

What are the 5 main types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
45
Q

What is the ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow (constrict or
dilate) into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.

A

Autoregulation

46
Q

What are very thin vessels that form when capillaries unite?

A

Venules

47
Q

Thin vessels that are formed by arteries branching down in size are called:

A

Arterioles

48
Q

What are hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body called?

A

Capillaries

49
Q

What connects arterioles and venules and are also known as exchange vessels?

A

Capillaries

50
Q

What are thick triple layer vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

51
Q

What are designated vessels that return blood to the heart?

A

Veins

52
Q

What is the total volume of blood contained in the veins and venules?

A

64%

53
Q

Where does the slowest rate of blood flow take place and why?

A

Capillaries, to allow the exchange of substances and nutrients through vessel walls.

54
Q

Excess lost fluid is returned to the circulatory system via what?

A

Lymphatic System

55
Q

How much blood volume is typically in the cardiovascular system?

A

Normally 5 Liters (5.3 quarts)

56
Q

What is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of vessels as the ventricles contract?

A

Blood Pressure

57
Q

Where is blood pressure highest in the body?

A

The Aorta and large systemic arteries

58
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Opposition to flow (lumen size)

59
Q

What factors regulate blood flow and BP?

A 
Cardiac Output (volume and contraction)
Vascular Resistance
60
Q

What are 3 ways that increase vascular resistance?

A 
Vasoconstriction (smaller lumen)
Weight gain (greater vessel length)
High Hematocrit (higher viscosity)
61
Q

What regulates blood flow to the body?

A

The Brain

62
Q

3 main types of receptors that provide feedback are:

A

Proprioceptors
Baroceptors
Chemoreceptors

63
Q

What are 2 main pathways for circulation of blood through the body?

A

Systemic arteries

Systemic Veins

64
Q

What is the name for the route that blood takes from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and back to the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

65
Q

Where does the gas exchange take place to re-oxygenate blood?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

66
Q

Four principle branches of the Aorta are:

A

Ascending Aorta
Arch of the Aorta
Thoracic Descending
Abdominal Descending

67
Q

What arteries branch off the ascending aorta?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

68
Q

What branches off of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian
Left carotid

69
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?

A

Right carotid

Right subclavian

70
Q

What major branch to the brain does the right subclavian give off before it passes into the axilla?

A

Right Vertebral Artery

71
Q

Subclavian arteries branch further into what arteries?

A

Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar

72
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the different parts of the arms?

A

Axillary : Shoulder
Brachial : Upper Arm
Radial : Lateral portion of the forearm, wrist, and hand
Ulnar : Medial portion of the forearm, wrist, and hand

73
Q

The Thoracic Aorta has what main arteries that branch off of it?

A

Bronchial
Esophageal
Posterior intercostal
Superior phrenic

74
Q

The Celiac trunk branches into:

A

Inferior Phrenic Artery
Common Hepatic Artery
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery

75
Q

The superior mesenteric artery supplies what parts of the body?

A

Small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colon, pancreas

76
Q

The adrenal glands are supplied blood from what artery?

A

Suprarenal Artery

77
Q

Kidneys get their blood from which artery?

A

Renal Artery

78
Q

The Gonadal Arteries branch into:

A

Testicular or Ovarian Arteries

79
Q

The Common Iliac Arteries branch from what main Artery?

A

Abdominal Aorta

80
Q

What arteries supply the pelvis?

A

Internal Iliac arteries

81
Q

What does the External Iliac arteries supply blood to?

A

Lower limbs

82
Q

What are the 5 arteries that the External Iliac branch into?

A 
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial
Medial and lateral plantar
83
Q

The plantar arteries supply blood to what parts of the body?

A

Muscles and skin of the feet and toes

84
Q

Lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals, and the thigh are all examples of areas supplied by what artery?

A

Femoral Artery

85
Q

Calf Muscles, patella, fibula, femur, posterior leg muscles and skin are examples of area supplied by this artery:

A

Popliteal Artery

86
Q

The posterior tibial artery supplies blood to what?

A

muscles, bones, and joints of the leg and foot

87
Q

The anterior muscles and skin of the legs, ankle joints and knee joint have their blood supplied by this artery:

A

Anterior Tibial Artery

88
Q

What generates pressure to move blood through the veins back to the heart?

A

Respiratory pump
Skeletal muscle pump
Contractions of the Heart

89
Q

What is the largest vein in the body?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

90
Q

What 3 systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Coronary Sinus
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava

91
Q

3 main veins that drain blood away from the head.

A

Internal Jugular
External Jugular
Vertebral Veins

92
Q

Name the 3 superficial veins that drain the upper body.

A

Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Antecubital Vein

93
Q

Name the 5 Deep Veins that drain the upper body

A 
Radial Veins
Ulnar Veins
Brachial Veins
Axillary Veins
Subclavian Veins
94
Q

Where does blood circulation during Hepatic Portal circulation?

A
  1. Blood drains from the GI tract and spleen to hepatic portal vein
  2. is delivered to the liver to be processed and absorb substances from the GI tract
  3. Returns to systemic circulation via the hepatic vein
95
Q

The superficial veins that drain the lower body are?

A

Greater Saphenous

Small Saphenous

96
Q

Deep Veins that drain the lower body are:

A

Posterior tibial veins
Anterior tibial veins
Popliteal Veins
Femoral Veins

97
Q

What are common arteries used to assess the pulse?

A

Radial Artery
Carotid Artery
Brachial Artery
Popliteal Artery

98
Q

How is the pulse assessed?

A

By holding pressure on common arteries for one minute

99
Q

What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

100
Q

What are considered normal blood pressure findings?

A

Systolic (top/first number) below 120 mm Hg

Diastolic (bottom/second number) below 80 mmHg

101
Q

What pulse rate is considered bradycardia?

A

Below 60 BPM

102
Q

What pulse rate is considered Tachycardia?

A

Above 100 BPM

103
Q

As the heart ages, what is there an increased risk of developing?

A

CAD, CHF and atherosclerosis

104
Q

When speaking of regular exercise, what is the amount that is considered essential to improve overall cardiovascular health?

A

20 minutes 3-5 times weekly

105
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A
  1. Maintaining low resting heart rate
  2. Better control of blood pressure
  3. Decrease anxiety and depression
  4. Control weight
  5. Increase ability of body to absorb clots by fibrinolytic activity

Cardiology (3 decks)

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