cardio vascular system

Question 1

what are the 4 parts of the heart?

Answer 1

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

Question 2

what are the 4 types of vessels?

Answer 2

superior vena cava – deoxygenated blood to RA
pulmonary artery – deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs
pulmonary vein – oxygenated blood from lungs to LA
aorta – oxygenated blood from LA to rest of body

Question 3

what does myogenic mean?

Answer 3

the heart is myogenic as it creates its own impulse.

Question 4

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 4

systole – contraction; lasts 0.3 seconds

diastole –relaxation; lasts 0.5 seconds

Question 5

what is Diastole?

Answer 5

atria fill with blood, AV closes - atrial blood pressure increases above the ventricular. blood pressure forces the AV valves open + blood passively enters into both ventricles

Question 6

what is systole?

Answer 6

atria contract forcing remaining blood to ventricles - semi lunar valve closes - both ventricles contract increase ventricular pressure. Aortic + pulmonary valves are forced open, AV valves closes. blood forced out of aorta to body tissues.

Question 7

what is oxygenated blood?

Answer 7

blood that is saturated with oxygen and nutrients (eg/glucose)

Question 8

what is deoxygenated blood?

Answer 8

blood depleted of oxygen but saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products.

Question 9

what are the stages of the conduction system?

Answer 9

1) sino-atrial node generates electrical impulse and fires it through atrial walls, making them contract.
2) atrioventricular node, collects impulse + delays it for 0.1 seconds to allow atria to finish contracting, then releases impulse to the bundle of his.
3) bundle of his; carry impulse to base of each ventricle
4) purkyne fibres; distribute impulse through ventricle walls, causing them to contract.

Question 10

what does heart rate mean?

Answer 10

the number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 11

what does stroke volume mean?

Answer 11

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

Question 12

what does cardiac output mean?

Answer 12

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

HR x SV = Q

Question 13

what is bradycardia?

Answer 13

a resting heart rate below 60 bpm.

Question 14

what is venous return?

Answer 14

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins.

Question 15

what are the 2 types of intensity?

Answer 15

submaximal – aerobic

maximal – anaerobic

Question 16

what is the cardiac response to exercise?

Answer 16

oxygen demand will increase when exercise starts

Question 17

what is the heart rate response to exercise?

Answer 17

heart rate will increase in proportion to exercise until we reach our max.

Question 18

what happens to stroke volume as intensity of exercise increase?

Answer 18

it increase linearly with intensity.

Question 19

what is the hearts ability to ‘fill’ dependant on?

Answer 19

venous return and the ventricles ability to stretch

Question 20

what is the hearts ability to ‘empty’ dependant on?

Answer 20

greater end diastolic volume and greater stretch will increase the force of ventricular systole.

Question 21

why does heart rate continue to rise during maximal exercise?

Answer 21

there will be a growing demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

Question 22

what is the Frank Starlin mechanism?

Answer 22

increased venous return will lead to an increase in stroke volume due to an increase in stretching of ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction will also increase.

Question 23

what is the cardiac control centre?

Answer 23

controlled by the nervous system (involuntary) - consists of sensory and motor nerves from either sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 24

what does the cardiac control centre control?

Answer 24

it initiates sympathetic or parasympathetic to stimulate the SA node.

Question 25

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 25

nerves increase the heart rate

Question 26

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 26

nerves decrease the heart rate back to normal.

Question 27

what affects the cardiac control centre?

Answer 27

neural control, hormonal control intrinsic control

Question 28

what stimulates the neural control?

Answer 28

proprioceptors - inform ccc activity has increased
chemoreceptors - inform ccc lactic acid+co2 has increased
baroreceptors - inform ccc blood pressure has increased

Question 29

what does the hormonal control do?

Answer 29

releases adrenaline from adrenal glands that stimulates the SA node.

Question 30

what affects intrinsic control during exercise?

Answer 30

increase temperature, which increases speed of nerve impulses and increases heart rate.
venous return increases which increase EDV + SV

Question 31

what affects intrinsic control after exercise?

Answer 31

temperature decreases and heart rate drops.

venous return decreases which decreases SV

Question 32

what does the circulatory network consist of?

Answer 32

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

Question 33

where does the pulmonary circulation take blood?

Answer 33

de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the the lungs and oxygenated blood back to left atrium.

Question 34

where does the systemic circulation take blood?

Answer 34

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to muscles + deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.