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SECOND YR > CARDIO [TRANSES] > Flashcards

CARDIO [TRANSES] Flashcards

1
Q

muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

A

HEART

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2
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through
vessels.

A

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

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3
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other body tissues and back to the right side of the heart through a network of vessels.

A

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

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4
Q

4 FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

A
  1. Generating blood pressure
  2. Routing blood
  3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
  4. Regulating blood supply
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5
Q

HEART LOCATION

A

between the lungs within the thoracic cavite

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6
Q

HEART ORIENTATION

A

APEX (BOTTOM) points toward the left side

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7
Q

outer layer of the pericardium, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue

A

FIBROUS PERICARDIUM

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8
Q

inner layer and consists of flat epithelial cells

A

Serous Pericardium

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9
Q

Lines the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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10
Q

Groove that runs around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles.

A

CORONARY SULCUS

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11
Q

Serous pericardium that covers the heart surface.

A

Visceral Pericardium

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12
Q

Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia.

A

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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13
Q

Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary Veins

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14
Q

Fluid in the pericardial cavity that helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.

A

PERICARDIAL FLUID

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15
Q

Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries

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16
Q

Carry blood from the body to the right atrium.

A

VENAE CAVAE

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17
Q

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.

A

Aorta

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18
Q

Supply blood to the tissues of the heart. Originate from the base of the aorta, located above the aortic semilunar valve.

A

Coronary Arteries

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19
Q

Large vein that drains the cardiac veins of the heart and empties into the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus

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20
Q

Supplies blood to much of the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle.

A

Left Coronary Artery

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21
Q

Supplies blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle.

A

Right Coronary Artery

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22
Q

Drain blood from cardiac muscle; empty into coronary sinus.

A

Cardiac Veins

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23
Q

Wall that separates the right and left atria.

A

Interatrial septum

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24
Q

Wall that separates the right and left ventricles.

A

Interventricular Valve

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25
Q

receiving chambers.

A

RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIUM

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26
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood

A

RIGHT ATRIUM

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27
Q

3 VEINS where the right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood:

A

Superior Venae Cavae
Inferior Venae Cavae
Coronary Sinus

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28
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

A

LEFT ATRIUM

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29
Q

what kind of pulmonary does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary veins

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30
Q

is a prominent feature of the septum

A

fossa ovalis

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31
Q

two LOWER chambers of the heart

A

Right and left ventricles

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32
Q

Is a cavity or chamber that can be filled
with fluid

A

Right and left ventricles

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33
Q

Discharging chambers

A

Right and left ventricles

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34
Q

receives blood from the right atrium and PUMPS it to the main pulmonary artery

A

right ventricle

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35
Q

fibers of the right ventricle which conveys part of the heart’s conduction system

A

trabeculae carneae

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36
Q

a ventricle that has a thinner muscular wall

A

Right ventricle

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37
Q

AV valve between RA and RV

A

Tricuspid valve

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38
Q

3 cusps

A

Tricuspid valve

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39
Q

AV valve between LA and LV

A

2 cusps

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40
Q

have three half-moon (luna) shaped cusps and are valves between the pulmonary trunk and aorta.

A

semilunar valve

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41
Q

A connective tissue plate, primarily consists of fibrous rings providing them with strong support. This connective tissue plate acts as electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles and offers a sturdy attachment point for cardiac muscle.

A

Cardiac Skeleton

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42
Q

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

A
  1. Superior and Inferior vena cava
  2. RA
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. RV
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary trunk
  7. Pulmonary arteries
  8. Lungs
  9. Pulmonary veins
  10. LA
  11. Bicuspid valve
  12. LV
  13. Aortic semilunar valve
  14. Aorta
  15. Body
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43
Q

surface of heart (outside), helps to
lubricate the outside of the heart

A

EPIcardium

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44
Q

thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle

A

MYOcardium

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45
Q

part of the heart responsible for pumping blood since it is made up mostly the thickness and mass of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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46
Q

○ smooth, inner surface

A

ENDOCARDIUM

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47
Q

○ simple squamous epithelium

A

ENDOCARDIUM

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48
Q

○ covers heart valves & vessels

A

ENDOCARDIUM

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49
Q

○ responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the inside if the heart and forming potentially deadly blood clots

A

ENDOCARDIUM

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50
Q

○ 1 centrally located nucleus

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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51
Q

○ Branching cells

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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52
Q

○ Rich in mitochondria

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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53
Q

○ Striated (actin and myosin)

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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54
Q

○ Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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55
Q

○ Intercalated disks

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

56
Q

[CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS PHASE]

  • Na+ channels OPEN
  • Ca2+ channels OPEN
A

Depolarization phase

57
Q

[CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS PHASE]

  • Na+ channels CLOSE
  • Some K+ channels OPEN
  • Ca2+ channels remain OPEN
A

PLATEAU PHASE

58
Q

○ connect cells

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

59
Q

[CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS PHASE]

  • K+ channels are OPEN
  • Ca2+ channels CLOSE
A

Repolarization phase:

60
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells in the heart wall make up the conduction system, which coordinates the contraction of the atria and ventricles.

A

CONTRACTION COORDINATION

61
Q

Every cell in the conduction system is capable of generating spontaneous action potentials.

A

Spontaneous Action Potentials

62
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL PATH THROUGH THE HEART

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node (atrioventricular)
  3. AV bundle
  4. Right and Left Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers
63
Q

where action potential originates and functions as pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA NODE)

64
Q

Action potentials spread slowly through the AV node and allows the atria to complete their contraction before action potentials are delivered to the ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

65
Q

divides into a left and right bundle
branches

A

Atrioventricular bundle

66
Q

Spread to the heart’s apex and Rapidly transmit action potentials to all ventricular
muscle.

A

PURKINJE FIBERS

67
Q

Records heart’s electrical activity.

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)

68
Q

Diagnoses cardiac issues.

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)

69
Q

Employ electrodes.

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)

70
Q

3 COMPONENTS OF EKG

A
  1. P-WAVE
  2. QRS Complex
  3. T-WAVE
71
Q

depolarization of atria

A

P WAVE

72
Q

depolarization of ventricles

A

QRS Complex

73
Q

repolarization of ventricles

A

T wave

74
Q

Summarizes all events in a single heartbeat.

A

CARDIAC CYCLE

75
Q

prime the pumps

A

ATRIA

76
Q

do the actual pumping.

A

VENTRICLES

77
Q

Create pressure changes in heart chambers.

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION

78
Q

drives blood movement

A

pressure changes

79
Q

moves from areas of high to low pressure

A

Blood Flow Direction

80
Q

Contraction of Atria

A

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

81
Q

contraction of ventricles

A

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

82
Q

relaxation of atria

A

ATRIA DIASTOLE

83
Q

relaxation of ventricles

A

VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

84
Q

Result from heart valve closure.

A

HEART SOUNDS

85
Q

Stethoscope is employed to
listen to heart sounds.

A

STETHOSCOPE USE

86
Q

Occurs when atrioventricular valves close. (you’ll be able to hear it during ventricular systole)

A

FIRST HEART SOUND (“lubb”)

87
Q

Arises from the closure of semilunar valves (you’ll be able to hear it during ventricular diastole)

A

Second Heart Sound (“dupp”)

88
Q

time periods of first heart sound

A

period of isovolumetric contraction to period of ejection

89
Q

time periods of second heart sound

A

period of isovolumetric relaxation to period of ventricular filling

90
Q

volume of blood pumped per ventricle
per contraction

A

STROKE VOLUME

91
Q

number of heart beats in 1 min

A

HEART RATE

92
Q

volume of blood pumped by a ventricle
in 1 min.

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

93
Q

FORMULA FOR CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied times heart rate

94
Q

The blood volume returning to the heart.

A

VENOUS RETURN

95
Q

degree in which ventricular walls are stretched at end of diastole

A

PRELOAD

96
Q

Describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume, impacting cardiac output.

A

STARLING’S LAW OF THE HEART

97
Q

pressure against which ventricles must pump blood

A

AFTER LOAD

98
Q

Regulates heart function

A

BARORECEPTOR REFLEX

99
Q

○ Monitor blood pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries.
○ Detects changes in blood pressure and changes in action potential frequency.
○ Involves the medulla oblongata.

A

BARORECEPTOR REFLEX

100
Q

● Involves chemical regulation of heart function.
● Chemicals can influence heart rate and stroke
volume.

A

CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX

101
Q

transport blood from the RV of the heart through the lungs and back to the LA

A

PULMONARY VESSEL

102
Q

Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes

A

SYSTEMIC VESSEL AND PULMONARY VESSEL

103
Q

transport blood from theLV of the heart through all parts of the body and back to the RA

A

SYSTEMIC VESSEL

104
Q

carry blood away from heart

A

ARTERIES

105
Q

thick with a lot of elastic

A

ARTERIES

106
Q

carry blood toward heart

A

VEINS

107
Q

thin vessel with less elastic

A

VEINS

108
Q

exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids

A

CAPILLARIES

109
Q

7 BLOOD FLOW

A

Blood flows from:
1. arteries into arterioles
2. Arterioles into capillaries
3. Capillaries into venules
4. Venules to small veins
5. Veins return to heart

110
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALLS INNER MOST LATYER

A

TUNICA INTIMA

111
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALLS INNER W/ SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

A

TUNICA INTIMA

112
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALL MIDDLE LAYER

A

TUNICA MEDIA

113
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALLS SMOPTH MUSCLE WITH ELASTIC AND COLLAGEN

A

TUNICA MEDIA

114
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALL OUTERMOST LAYER

A

TUNICA ADVENTITIA

115
Q

BLOOD VESSEL WALL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

TUNICA ADVENTITIA

116
Q

TYPES OF ARTERIES: LARGEST IN DIAMETER WITH THICKEST WALLS

A

ELASTIC ARTERY

117
Q

TYPE OF ARTERIES THAT CAN CONTROL BLOOD FLOW TO BODY REGIONS

A

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

118
Q

exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

119
Q

blood pump from right ventricle towards lung

A

PULMONARY TRUNK

120
Q

passes superiorly from left ventricle

A

ASCENDING

121
Q

The longest part of the aorta

A

DESCDENDING AORTA

121
Q

3 major arteries which carry blood to head and upper limbs originates at the aortic arch (brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery)

A

AORTIC ARCH

122
Q

part of descending aorta that extends through thorax to diaphragm

A

THORACIC

123
Q

descending aorta that extends from diaphragm where it divides at the common iliac arteries

A

ABDOMINAL

124
Q

3 Branches of aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic artery or innominate artery 2. left common carotid artery
  2. left subclavia
125
Q
  1. first branch off aortic arch
  2. supplies blood to right side of head and neck 3. Arteries of the Head and Neck
A

Brachiocephalic artery

126
Q
  1. 2nd branch off aortic arch
  2. supplies blood to the left side of head and neck
A

Left common carotid artery

127
Q
  1. 3rd branch off aortic arch
  2. supplies blood to left upper limbs
A

Left subclavian artery

128
Q
  1. branches off brachiocephalic artery
  2. supplies blood to right side of head and neck
A

Right common carotid artery

129
Q
  1. branches off brachiocephalic artery
  2. supplies blood to right upper limbs
A

Right subclavian artery

130
Q

4 ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS

A

AXILLARY ARTERIES
BRACHIAL ARTERIES
ULNAR ARTERIES
RADIAL ARTERIES

131
Q
  1. continuation of subclavian
  2. supply blood deep in clavicle
A

AXILLARY ARTERIES

132
Q
  1. continuation of axillary
  2. where blood pressure measurements are taken
A

BRACHIAL ARTERIES

133
Q
  1. branch of brachial artery
  2. near elbow
A

ULNAR ARTERIES

133
Q
  1. branch of brachial artery
  2. supply blood to forearm and hand
  3. pulse taken here
A

RADIAL ARTERIES

134
Q
A

SECOND YR (7 decks)

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