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SECOND YR > BLOOD [TRANSES] > Flashcards

BLOOD [TRANSES] Flashcards

1
Q

called the “river of life”

A

BLOOD

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2
Q

the only fluid tissue in the body

A

BLOOD

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3
Q

Blood might appear to be ___,
_____ liquid but the microscope reveals that it has both ____ and ____ components

A

A. THICK
B. HOMOGENOUS
C. SOLID
D. LIQUID

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4
Q

allows important substances to be delivered (as a transport system) to various organs and at the same time it is a way by which the body can collect waste products of metabolism

A

BLOOD

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5
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

A

TRANSPORT OF:
1. Gases, nutrients and waste products
2. Processed molecules
3. REGULATORY MOLECULE
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
5. Maintenance of body temperature
6. Protection against foreign substances
7. Clot formation

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6
Q

Fluid matrix

A

PLASMA

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7
Q

55% of total blood

A

PLASMA

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8
Q

pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells

A

PLASMA

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9
Q

91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other

A

PLASMA

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10
Q

58% of plasma proteins

A

ALBUMIN

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11
Q

helps maintain water balance

A

ALBUMIN

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12
Q

It serves as the liquid base for whole blood

A

ALBUMIN

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13
Q

Most abundant plasma protein

A

ALBUMIN

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14
Q

Manufactured in the liver

A

ALBUMIN

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15
Q

Is the liquid or undiluted part of the blood, which lacks clotting factors.

A

SERUM

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16
Q

it is formed after blood coagulation.

A

SERUM

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17
Q

is a transparent, straw-coloured, liquid portion of the blood.

A

PLASMA

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18
Q

It is composed of serum and clotting factor.

A

PLASMA

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19
Q

percentage of RBC

A

Hematocrit (blood fraction)

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20
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RED BLOOD CELL

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21
Q

leukocytes

A

WHITE BLOOD CELL

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22
Q

thrombocytes

A

PLATELETS

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23
Q

the layer between RBC and plasma
usually composed of WBC and platelets

A

BUFFY COAT

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24
Q

is the process that produces formed elements

A

Hematopoiesis

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25
Q

is confined primarily to red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are produced in lymphatic tissues

A

Hematopoiesis

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26
Q

located at the pelvic bones
and at the ends of long bones

A

RED BONE MARROW

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27
Q

the single populations of cells where all formed elements of the blood is derived

A

HEMATOPOEITIC STEM CELLS OR HEMOCYTOBLASTS

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28
Q

where most formed elements is derived

A

MYELOID STEM CELLS

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29
Q

gives rise to the lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOID STEM CELLS

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30
Q

RBCs are what?
“Anucleate OR nucleate”

____ (Nucleus and most of their organelles is lost during development they are unable to divide)

A

ANUCLEATE

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31
Q

They make ATP by anaerobic mechanism because they lack mitochondria

A

RED BLOOD CELLS

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32
Q

RBCs outnumbered WBCs by 1000 to 1 and are the major contributors to ____

A

blood’s viscosity

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33
Q

If the number of RBCs _____, bloods become ____ and _____

A

DECREASES, THIN, FLOWS MORE RAPIDLY

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34
Q

FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELL

transport _____ to tissues and ___ to the lungs

A

OXYGEN;TISSUES
CARBON DIOXIDE;LUNGS

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35
Q

FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELL

Oxygen transport is accomplished when ____
enters____ and ____ to ____

A

OXYGEN; enters RBC
BINDS; to HEMOGLOBIN

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36
Q

An Iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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37
Q

Main component of erythrocytes – 1/3 of RBC volume

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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38
Q

Transports Oxygen Molecule

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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39
Q

How many PROTEIN CHAIN does hemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 PROTEIN CHAINS

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40
Q

How many HEME GROUP does hemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 HEME GROUP

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41
Q

TRUE or FALSE; STATE WHY

“Each globin protein is not attached to a heme
molecule”

A

FALSE; Each globin protein should be attached to a heme molecule

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42
Q

How many iron atom does heme contain?

A

1 - iron atom

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43
Q

Oxygen molecule binds to iron

A

HEMOGLOBIN

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44
Q

Identify the color:

When hemoglobin is bounded with Oxygen Molecule

A

BRIGHT RED

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45
Q

Identify the color:

When hemoglobin is not bounded with Oxygen Molecule

A

DARKER RED

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46
Q

hemoglobin color meaning:

  • means that your blood is oxygen-rich
A

BRIGHT RED HEMOGLOBIN

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47
Q

hemoglobin color meaning:

  • means your blood has less oxygen.
A

DARKER RED HEMOGLOBIN

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48
Q

____% of Oxygen Molecule (O2) is bound to hemoglobin; ___%
dissolved in plasma

A

98.5% : 1.5%

49
Q

A hemoglobin with an O2 attached

A

OXYHEMOGLOBIN

50
Q

binds to iron in hemoglobin 210x more readily than O2 and does not tend to unbind

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

51
Q

Prolonged exposure of carbon monoxide may lead to 4 factors:

A

NAUSEA
HEADACHE
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DEATH

52
Q

70% of CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions; 30% of CO2 is transported to either protein-bind or dissolved in plasma.

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

53
Q

gives rise to the red blood cell line

A

Proerythroblasts

54
Q

Low blood O2 levels cause kidneys to ____
production of ERYTHROPOEITIN.

A

INCREASE

55
Q

stimulates red bone marrow to
produce more erythrocytes.

A

ERYTHROPOEITIN

56
Q

it is the production of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

57
Q

starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor
cell called a proerythroblast

A

Erythropoiesis

58
Q

a cell near the end of the development
sequence ejects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte

A

Erythropoiesis

59
Q

● fight infections and remove dead
cells and debris by phagocytosis

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

60
Q

● Spherical in shape
● Lack hemoglobin
● Larger than erythrocytes
● Contain a nucleus

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

61
Q

● Visible Granules in their cytoplasm
● can be stained
● Possess lobed nuclei

A

GRANULOCYTES

62
Q

The major component of plasma.

A

WATER

63
Q

Granulocyte that phagocytizes microorganisms; form pus when they accumulate and die.

A

NEUTROPHILS

64
Q

Granulocyte that promotes inflammation and heparin; releases histamine that prevents clot formation

A

BASOPHIL

65
Q

Granulocyte that reduces inflammation. Destroy parasites. Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks and asthma

A

EOSINOPHIL

66
Q

Agranulocyte involved in immunity; produces antibodies.

A

LYMPHOCYTES

67
Q

This cell enters tissues and is transformed into a macrophage. Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues. Important in
fighting chronic infection.

A

MONOCYTES

68
Q

cells that mature in the bone marrow

A

B-CELL

69
Q

mature in the thymus gland

A

T-CELLS

70
Q

Needed for clotting process. Small amounts of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane; function in blood loss prevention.

A

PLATELET

71
Q

The cells from which platelets are produced.

A

Megakaryocytes

72
Q

This process stops bleeding from a blood vessel through a series of interconnected steps.

A

HEMOSTASIS

73
Q

These steps lead to the formation of a plug that seals the damaged vessel, controlling the bleeding.

A

HEMOSTASIS

74
Q

starts with injury to the blood vessel’s lining.

A

HEMOSTASIS

75
Q

Blood VESSEL constriction which is immediate but temporary

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

76
Q

can fully close small VESSELS and halt blood flow.

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

77
Q

This response is triggered by chemicals released from damaged VESSELS walls and by platelets.

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

78
Q

Platelets release thromboxanes, which originate from specific prostaglandins.

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

79
Q

The cells lining the blood VESSELS release the peptide endothelin

A

VASCULAR SPASMS

80
Q

Important in maintaining the integrity of damaged blood vessels.

A

PLATELET PLUG FORMATION

81
Q

Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged vessel walls.

KEYWORDS
- Platelets ATTACH to collagen in vessel walls.
- ACTIVATION starts, causing shape change and release of chemicals.

A

Platelet adhesion

82
Q

Platelets release chemicals (ADP, thromboxane) that activate more platelets.

KEYWORDS
- Chemicals released: ADP, thromboxane.
- These chemicals bind to receptors on other platelets, activating them.
- Activated platelets express fibrinogen receptors.

A

Platelet release reaction

83
Q

Fibrinogen forms bridges between fibrinogen receptors of activated platelets.

KEYWORDS
- Fibrinogen bridges platelets.
- Results in a platelet plug that temporarily seals the injury.

A

Platelet aggregation

84
Q

AKA COAGULATION

A

BLOOD CLOTTING

85
Q

an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured

A

BLOOD CLOTTING (COAGULATION)

86
Q

also called thrombus

A

CLOT

87
Q

Blood loss from blood vessels can be stopped or reduced by
contraction of (1) in the blood vessel wall. Exposure of collagen in damaged tissue can result in platelet adhesion to collagen by
(2) . In the platelet release reaction, platelets release ADP and (3), which activate other platelets. In platelet aggregation, platelets
are connected to each other by (4) to form a platelet plug, which can seal small tears in blood vessels. Exposed collagen or
chemicals released from injured tissues can start a series of chemical reactions that result in the production of (5) . This
substance converts prothrombin to (6) which in turn converts fibrinogen into (7) . This network of protein fibers traps blood
cells, platelets, and fluid, and is called a (8) . This structure can
prevent blood loss from large tears in blood vessels

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. integrins
  3. thromboxane
  4. fibrinogen
  5. prothrombinase
  6. thrombin
  7. fibrin
  8. clot
88
Q

A clot that forms in a blood vessel.

A

THROMBUS

89
Q

A normal erythrocyte loses its (1) and most of its organelles during development. The main component of an erythrocyte
is the pigmented protein (2) , which accounts for the red color of erythrocytes. The part of hemoglobin that contains
an iron atom and transport oxygen is (3) , and the part that is a protein chain and transports carbon dioxide is (4) . Carbon dioxide is also transported as a bicarbonate ion because of a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme (5)

A
  1. nucleus
  2. hemoglobin
  3. heme
  4. globin
  5. carbonic anyhydrase
90
Q

Derived from stem cells; give rise to erythrocytes.

A

PROERYTHROBLASTS

91
Q

A buildup of bilirubin in the blood.

A

JAUNDICE

91
Q

Derived from heme and excreted in bile.

A

BILIRUBIN

92
Q

Substance such as antithrombin that prevents clots from forming.

A

Anticoagulant

92
Q

Used by leukocytes to leave blood and move through tissue

A

AMEBOID MOVEMENT

93
Q

The process by which a clot becomes denser and more compact. Helps enhance healing

A

CLOT RETRACTION

94
Q

The process by which a clot is dissolved.

A

FIBRINOLYSIS

95
Q

Formed from plasminogen, this substance breaks down fibrin.

A

Plasmin

96
Q

Stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

A

T-PA

97
Q

A detached clot or substance that floats through the circulatory system and becomes lodged in a blood vessel.

A clot that travels through
the bloodstream to block another vessel.

A

EMBOLUS

98
Q

process of dissolving clot. plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks down clot (fibrin)

A

Fibrinolysis

99
Q

Transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.

A

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

100
Q

is the person who gives blood.

A

Donor

101
Q

is the person who receives blood.

A

Recipient

102
Q

is the introduction of a fluid other
than blood, such as saline or glucose solution, into the blood.

A

INFUSION

103
Q

The clumping of blood cells. (DOT - DOTS)

A

AGGLUTINATION

104
Q

The rupture of red blood cells.

A

Hemolysis

105
Q

These are molecules found on the
surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells).

A

Antigens

106
Q

These are proteins present in the
plasma.

A

Antibodies

107
Q

named based on the type of
antigen present.

A

BLOOD GROUPS

108
Q

has type A antigens

A

TYPE A

109
Q

type B antigens

A

TYPE B

110
Q

HAS TYPE A and TYPE B ANTIGEN

A

TYPE AB

111
Q

has neither A nor B antigens

A

TYPE O

112
Q

has ANTI-B bodies present

A

TYPE A

113
Q

has ANTI-A bodies present

A

TYPE B

114
Q

has neither A nor B antibodies

A

TYPE AB

115
Q

HAS TYPE A and TYPE B ANTIBODIES

A

TYPE O

116
Q

○ Caused by maternal production of anti-Rh antibodies.
○ Antibodies cross the placenta, leading to agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells.
○ Can be fatal for the fetus.

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (or Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)

117
Q

How can we treat erythroblastosis?

A

by treating the mother with
RhoGAM, which contains anti-Rh
antibodies.

SECOND YR (7 decks)

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