Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICM > Cardio Session 4 > Flashcards

Cardio Session 4 Flashcards

1
Q

All cardiac tachyarrhythmia are result of what? (2)

A
  1. Disorders of impulse initiation

2. Disorders of impulse conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does an ectopic focus become the new pacemaker?

A

If firing rate of ectopic focus > SA node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Triggered activity results from problems with what?

A

rECOVERY OF REPOLIARIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia mechanism?

A

Re-entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Re-entry occurs as what?

A

Repetitive excitation of a region of the heart and is a result of conduction of an electrical impulse around a fixed obstacle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does re-entry arrhythmia require?

This is the result of what?

A

Unidirectional conduction block.

  1. Accelerated heart rate
  2. Block of a premature impulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do paroxysmal arrhythmias present?

A

Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arrhythmia related symptoms? (6)

A
  1. Palpitations
  2. Fatigue
  3. Light headedness
  4. Chest discomfort
  5. Dyspnea
  6. Presyncope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What % of arrhythmia patients have syncope?

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What age groups are affected by arrhythmia?

A

All

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In young, people does arrhythmia occur when detectable heart disease?

A

Not usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define syncope

A

Transient loss of consciousness due to trnasient global cerebral hypoperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is syncope’s onset?
Duration?
Type of recovery?

A

Rapid onset
Short duration
Spontaneous complete recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are symptoms of prodromal syncope? 5

A
  1. lightheadedness
  2. Nausea
  3. Sweating
  4. Weakness
  5. Visual disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Syncope normally lasts how long?

A

Less than 20 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pre-syncopal is defined how?

A

Symptoms and signs that occur before consciouness in syncope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define pre-syncope and near-syncope?

A

State the is similar to prodrome of syncope but is not followed by LOC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two things determine whether real syncope occurred?

A
  1. Loss of consciousness

2. Four defining features (transient, rapid onset, short duration, spontaneous recovery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are disorders with LOC but no hypoperfusion? (4)

A
  1. Epilepsy
  2. Metabolic disorders
  3. Intoxication
  4. TIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In terms of patho, how is syncope defined?

A

Fall in systemic BP with a decrease in global cerebral blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Systemic BP is determined by what?

A

CO

Total peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of transient low CO?

Which is most common

A
  1. Reflex causing bradycardia (most common)
  2. Orthostatic hypotension
  3. Cardiovascular syncope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is most common cardiovascular cause of syncope?

A

Arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When are the two peaks in syncope incidence?

A

15 and 65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is most common cause of syncope at 15?

A

Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Orthostatic hypotension is common cause of syncope in what population?

A

Elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is most common etiology of syncope in ER?

A

Uncomplicated faints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 P’s of uncomplicated faints?

A
  1. Posture: Prolonged standing
  2. Provoking factors: Pain or medical procedure
  3. Prodromal symptoms: Sweating, or feeling warm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What test has the highest yield in terms of diagnosing and managing syncope?
What other quality does this test have?

A

Postural blood pressure

Cheapest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is orthostatic hypotension defined in measurements?

A

Reduction of systolic BP by at least 20 mm Hg and diastolic BP by at least 10 mm Hg within 3 minutes of standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When does orthostatic hypotension test work best?

A

Patient goes from lying to standing

32
Q

In the Baggish article, what percentage of syncope in athletes was related to exercise?

A

1.3%

33
Q

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in US youth is what?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

34
Q

Most widely used form of performance enhancing agents?

A

Androgenic anabolic steroids

35
Q

In passive surveillance, what is most common cause of sudden death of youth?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

36
Q

In acute surveillance, what is most common cause of sudden death in youth?

A

No identifiable structural abnormality

37
Q

Difference in sexes in military sudden death?

A

Mortality rate 4X as high in males

38
Q

Morality from nontraumatic cardiac events increases with what?

A

Age

39
Q

Difference between sexes in mortality when less than 24 years old?

A

Non

40
Q

40% of deaths in military study were due to what?

A

Exertion

41
Q

Sudden death during exertion was most common in what age group?

A

<35

42
Q

Pre-existing condition was in what % of military sudden deaths?

A

53%

43
Q

Abnormal heart sounds in military sudden deaths?

A
  1. Vent fib = half

2. Asystole = third

44
Q

What % of military sudden death had structural abnormality?

A

80%

45
Q

Leading cause of death in those less than 35 years old?

A

Sudden unexplained death

46
Q

Leading cause of death in those older than 35?

A

ASCAD

47
Q

What % of military had deaths due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

6%

48
Q

Is sudden death dependent on level of competition?

A

No

49
Q

Most common cause of sudden death in middle aged athletes?

A

ASCAD

50
Q

What is the single most common cause of athletes deaths?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

51
Q

Define HCM

A

LV and/or RV hypertrophy that is usually assymmetrical and associated with myocardial fiber disarray

52
Q

What is most common type of asymmetric hypertrophy?

A

Ventricular septal hypertrophy

53
Q

What causes the subaortic obstructive HCM?

A
  1. Narrow LV outflow tract due to ventricular septal hypertrophy and anterior displacement of papillary muscles
54
Q

What causes mitral regurg in subaortic obstructive HCM?

A

Failure of mitral leaflets to close properly due to hypertrophy

55
Q

Systolic function changes in HCM?

A

High ejection fraction

56
Q

Diastolic dysfunction changes in HCM?

A

Impaired relaxation (chamber compliance decrease)

57
Q

Symptoms of obstructive HCM? (3)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Angina
  3. Presyncope/Syncope
58
Q

RV involvement in HCM is detected how?

A

Prominent A wave

59
Q

LV involvement in HCM is detected how? 2

A

Displaced LV impulse w

S4

60
Q

LV involvement in obstructive HCM is seen how? 3

A
  1. bifid arterial pulse
  2. Increased # of beats
  3. Reversed splitting of S2
61
Q

HCM is more rapid in what age group?

A

Children

62
Q

Best predictor of HCM outcome?

A

Nature of molecular genetic defect

63
Q

2 characteristics of HCM?

A

Myocyte hypertrophy

Fiber disarray

64
Q

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction occurs in what % of HCM?

A

70

65
Q

LVOT results in? (4)

A
  1. Diastolic dysfunction
  2. Elevated LV EDP
  3. Mitral regurg
  4. Myocardial ischemia
66
Q

Clinically, LVOT causes what? (3)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Ischemic chest pain
  3. Presyncope or syncope with exertion
67
Q

What is most common genetic heart disease?

A

HCM

68
Q

HCM mutation occur in what genes?

A

Proteins of sarcomere, most commonly beta myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C

69
Q 
When a person stands,
effect on venous return?
PVR? 
Stroke volume? 
Volume of blood in LV?
A

Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease

70
Q 
When a person stands,
effect on venous return?
PVR? 
Stroke volume? 
Volume of blood in LV?
A

All increase

71
Q

Strain phase of valsalva results in what?

A

Decreased LV volume from decreased venous return

Decreased PVR and BP

72
Q

Release of valsalva has what effect?

A

Increased LV volume form increased venous return

Increased PVR and BP

73
Q

Isometric exercise has what effect on aortic and mitral regurg?
Effect on click of mitral valve prolapse
HCM murmur effect

A

Louder murmur
Click later
Softer murmur

74
Q

Amyl nitrate inhalation has what effect on mitral and aortic regurg?
Effect on aortic stenosis
Effect on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Softer murmur
Louder murmur
Louder murmur

75
Q

Standing/Valsalva has what effect on murmur of MVP, HCM, and AS?

A

MVP: Louder
HCM: Louder
AS: Softer

76
Q

Squatting/Valsalva release has what effect on murmur of MVP, HCM, and AS?

A

MVP: Softer
HCM: Softer
AS: Louder

ICM (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions