Cardio - Respiratory System Flashcards
What do we call the tiny air sacs found at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs?
Alveoli
Which one of these best describes the pathway of air.
A. Mouth; Nose; Trachea; Bronchioles; Alveoli; Lungs
B. Nose; Mouth; Lungs; Trachea; Bronchi; Alveoli
C Mouth; Trachea; Bronchi; Alveoli; Bronchioles; Lungs
D Nose; Trachea; Bronchi; Lungs; Bronchioles; Alveoli
D
Describe the Pathway of Air through the Respiratory System from The Trachea to Alveoli
After passing through the Trachea, the air travels into the bronchi, then into the lungs, and then bronchioles; before reaching the alveoli
Which gas travels from the blood into the alveoli?
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen travels from the alveoli into the blood because:
- There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli.
* There is a low concentration of oxygen in the blood.
Carbon dioxide travels from the blood into the alveoli because:
• There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the
blood.
• There is a low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Haemoglobin
Red blood cells carry haemoglobin, which transports gases around the body. Haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the body to the alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen binds with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin. This is transported through the blood to the tissues around the body.
Gas Exchange – Alveoli to Capillaries
- The alveoli have a high oxygen concentration
- The capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen
- Oxygen moves from high to low concentration, through the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries, in this way the capillaries gain oxygen to transport around
Gas Exchange – Capillaries to Alveoli
- Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a high-pressure concentration of CO2.
- Alveoli have a low pressure/ concentration of C02
- Movement of C02 from high pressure to low
- C02 is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out
Exercise Intensities
During Aerobic Activity there is an increase in breathing rate and an increase in gas exchange to meet the demands of the working muscles for more oxygen
After an Anaerobic Activity, there is an elevated breathing rate, allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery
Explain 1 Reason why Carbon Dioxide can diffuse from a capillary to the alveoli
There will be high levels of carbon dioxide in the capillaries and lower levels in the alveoli, therefore the carbon dioxide will move from high pressure in the capillaries to the alveoli to try and even out the concentration of C02.
Explain what will happen to the concentration of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the alveoli
It will be at a high concentration, as the blood in the capillaries has just exchanged gases at alveoli, so has just collected oxygen to take to the muscles.
Suggest what happens to the blood vessels serving the arms muscles and stomach during a rally explain the answers.
The blood vessels serving the arm widen undergo vasodilation the arms muscles are active during a tennis rally.
The blood vessels serving the stomach narrow undergo vasoconstriction as the stomach is inactive during the tennis rally.
Why do your arteries widen when you exercise
Your arteries widen to stop blood pressure getting too high and they also widen to make the most out of the blood supply by taking blood away from inactive organs and redistributing it to the muscles
What happens to your Cardiac Output if your heart rate decreases and stroke volume stays the same
It decreases
Describe how you breathe out faster during exercise
During exercise, the rib cage is pulled down quicker by the abdominal muscles. The chest cavity shrinks quicker forcing air out quicker.
Will you tidal volume be larger when exercising or standing still
When exercising as your taking deep breaths which increases your tidal volume
How are Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged in the lungs?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli where it is at high concentration into the capillaries where it is at low concentration. Carbon Dioxide moves from the red blood cells in the capillaries at high concentration the alveoli at low concentration
Would you expect an artery or a vein to have a thicker wall and why
An artery as they carry blood away from the heart whereas veins carry blood towards the heart. Blood flowing away from the heart is at high pressure than blood flowing towards the heart. Arteries need a thicker wall to carry this high blood pressure.
Give one advantage of capillaries being narrow
It means that lots of them can fit into the body’s tissues, which give them a large surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily. It causes blood to flow through them slowly, so blood has a longer time to exchange gases with the body’s tissue.
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood
Which carry deoxygenated blood
Arteries carry oxygenated blood.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
What is formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen in red blood cells.
Oxyhaemoglobin
Name the vessel which has valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way
A vein
Name the vessel which has a thin wall so gases can easily pass through
A capillary
Name the vessel that carries blood away from the heart
An artery
True or False Haemoglobin transports Carbon Dioxide to the lungs
True
Why valves upon and close
Due to blood flow pressure so that blood can fill the heart chambers they close to prevent backflow
True or False Diastole is when the heart contracts and pumps blood out
False Systole is when the heart contracts and pumps blood out
What is Bradycardia
Lower Resting Heart Rate as a result of sustained exercise
Faizaan is planning to sustain his involvement in exercise and physical activity. What long term effects will this have?
- Bradycardia
- Hypertrophy
Advantage of Increased Breathing - Games Player
More oxygen can be moved from the blood into the lungs to supply the working muscles
More Carbon Dioxide can be removed from the blood into the lungs and breathed out. More energy will be available for the rest of the game an advantage for a game player
How does our diaphragm behave when we exhale?
Relaxes
Which two muscles contract when we inhale?
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Name two of the main blood vessels found in the heart:
Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, Vena Cava, Pulmonary Artery
What will happen during exercise on a spirometer trace
During exercise, the spirometer trace will change. The peak will increase into the inspiratory reserve volume. The trough will dip lower into the expiratory reserve volume.
However, there is always some air left in the lungs. This prevents them from collapsing.
What will happen at rest on a spirometer trace
The trace will have consistently equal peaks and troughs (highs and lows) using about 500ml of air
Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normal inhalation.
What happens during Exhalation
The volume of the chest cavity decreases
The pressure inside chest increases
Air rushes out of lungs
What happens during Inhalation
The volume of the chest cavity increases
A low pressure is created inside the chest
Air rushes into the lungs
During which breathing process do the abdominal muscles contract?
Expiration
What happens during expiration at rest
Intercostals contract
Diaphragm
Volume in the chest cavity decreases forcing air out
What happens during inspiration at rest
The intercostals muscles contract
Diaphragm flattens
Volume in chest cavity increases - reduced pressure in lungs causing air to rush in.
Other than the pectorals outline the muscle the assist with inhalation
sternocleidomastoid
diaphragm
External intercostals
Effects of Exercise on the Heart
- Heart rate increases
- Stroke Volume Increases
- Cardiac Output increases
Define Stroke Volume
is the volume of blood that the left ventricle (pumps out) with each beat.
Where are ventricles located
Lower Chambers of the heart
Where is the atria located
Top chambers of the heart
Define Vasoconstriction
Constriction of Blood Vessels, Increasing Blood Pressure
Define Vasodilation
Dilation of Blood Vessels, Reducing Blood Pressure
Role of a capillary
Gas Exchange
Role of a vein
Carries OXygenated Blood FROM the heart
Role of the artery
Carries DEoxygenated Blood TO the heart
Features of a capillary
- Very thin walls – To allow nutrients and gases to pass through, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and removing carbon dioxide
- Small internal diameter
Features of a vein
- Thin walls
- Contain valves to prevent backflow
- Large Lumen
- Don’t have a pulse
Features of an Artery
- Thick Muscular and Elastic Walls: Arteries are elasticated and thick. This lets them cope with the high pressures at which blood is pumped away from the thick, muscular ventricles of the heart.
- Small internal diameter
List at least 3 Features that assist Gaseous Exchange
- Large Surface area of Alveolis
- Moist Thin Walls
- Short distance of Diffusion
- Lots of Capillaries
- Large blood Supply
- Movement of Gas from High to Low concentration
Define Residual Volume
is the volume of air that is left in the lungs after exhalation.
Define Expiatory Reserve Volume
is the additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after 1 normal exhalation
What is the average Tidal Volume
500ml or 0.5 Litres
Define Tidal Volume
is the amount of air breathed in or out during rest
How do inspiration and expiration occur
Changes in Air Pressure
Describe what happens during:
Exhaling, Diapraghm
Relaxes, moves back upwards
Describe what happens during:
Exhaling, Rib Cage
Contracts inwards
Describe what happens during:
Exhaling, Intercostals
Relax, Pulls the Rib Cage downwards and inwards
Describe what happens during:
Inhaling,Diaphragm
Contracts and moves downwards
Describe what happens during:
Inhaling, Rib Cage
Contracts and moves downwards
Describe what happens during:
Inhaling, Intercostals
Enlarge the Chest Cavity
Describe the journey of the pathway of air
Mouth/Nose, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs and Alveoli
Explain the Cardiac Cycle for oxygenated blood
Having been oxygenated in the lungs, blood then travels along the pulmonary vein back to the heart.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
The atrium then contracts and pushes the oxygenated blood through another valve (to prevent backflow) and into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then contracts to pump blood into the aorta (out to the rest of the body) at high pressure.
Explain the Cardiac Cycle for deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood travels from the body to the right atrium, via the vena cava.
The atrium contracts and blood is pushed through a valve (to prevent backflow) into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle then contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.
What is the process of relaxing and filling up with blood?
Diastole
What is the process of contracting and pumping out
Systole
Characteristics of arteries
Elasticated walls
Can vasoconstrict and vasodilate
Thick walls
Characteristics of veins
Large lumen Don't have a pulse Have valves to prevent backflow of blood Carry blood towards the heart Thin walls
Evaluate the importance of vasodilation in sport
Vasodilation is part of the vascular shunt/opening of vessels to allow more blood through.
Exercise requires more blood to the working muscles / more oxygenated blood
Vasodilation allows more blood to travel through the arteries to the muscles which need a greater
supply of oxygen during exercise
A lack of oxygen during exercise would result in waste products / lactic acid, etc (
What is the Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and its adaptions
Artery
Thick elastic walls
Carries blood at high pressure
What is a slight rise in heart rate before exercise known as
Anticipatory rise caused by Adrenaline
How would the mechanics of Adam’s breathing change during inhalation as a result of exercise
During inhalation, his lungs can expand more during exercise due to his pectorals
What will the concentration of oxygen in the blood be just after it leaves the alveoli?
High concentration as the blood in the capillaries has just exchanged gases at the alveoli so has collected oxygen to take to the muscles.
Explain one reason why carbon dioxide can diffuse from a capillary to the alveoli.
there will be high levels of carbon dioxide in the capillaries and lower levels in the alveoli, therefore, the carbon dioxide will move from high pressure in the Capillaries to the alveoli to try and even out the concentration of CO2.
Describe the pathway of air through the respiratory system from the trachea to the alveoli
After passing through the trachea the air travels into the bronchi then into the lungs and then bronchioles than into the alveoli
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected/pumped from the heart in one minute
Stroke volume x heart rate
Which gas travels from the blood into the alveoli?
C02
How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange
There is a very good blood supply to the lungs. This means that there are plenty of capillaries (blood vessels) surrounding the alveoli for diffusion to take place.
Large surface area - Increases amount of oxygen absorbed
How are the alveoli adapted for their role
They are only 1 cell thick, meaning that there’s a short distance for the oxygen to travel.
They are moist.
Describe the Pathway of Air in Detail
Air is taken in through the mouth or nose.
The air flows through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that catch dust particles.
When the trachea reaches the lungs, it divides into 2 branches called the bronchi. Each of these bronchi enters a lung.
In the lungs, the bronchi divide further into many bronchioles. These bronchioles are less than 1mm in diameter.
At the end of the bronchioles are a cluster of alveoli. These are tiny air sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.
What is EPOC
(Excess, Post-exercise,Oxygen Consumption)
The additional amount of energy consumed after anaerobic exercise during the recovery period. Or it is referred to as Oxygen Debt.
When and Why EPOC occurs
EPOC occurs after exercise during recovery, to get additional oxygen into the body compared to what would be consumed at rest to break down the build up of lactic acid that happens when the performer works anaerobically.
What does a Cool-Down do
Remove waste products Reduce the effect of DOMS Prevent blood pooling Stop light-headedness Slowly reduce heart rate to a resting level
Outline how valves help to control the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart
Differences in pressure cause valves to open or close. Valves open to allow the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and close to prevent backflow.
Explain one way the structure of arteries make them suited to their functions
Arteries have thick muscular walls which allow them to carry blood at high pressure
Explain why Cristiano Ronaldo would benefit from having a high number of blood cells
Red blood cells would benefit a marathon runner as they carry oxygen, so there is a high number of red blood cells, which would lead to more oxygen being delivered to muscles during exercise, this is important as it will enable a marathon runner to keep going for long periods of time.
Outline what happens to the tidal volume and inspiration reserve volume during exercise
- Tidal Volume would increase
- Inspiratory Reserve volume would decrease
Outline what would happen to Expiratory Reserve Volume during exercise
It would decrease during exercise
What is the structure of the right ventricle and why
- Thinner Walls
- Less Muscular
This is because less pressure is needed to pump the deoxygenated blood into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
What is the structure of the left ventricle and why
- Thick Strong Wall
- More Muscular
This is because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body at a high pressure to make sure it gets there.
Which Ventricle has thin walls and is less muscular
Right Ventricle
Which Ventricle has a thick strong wall and is more muscular
Left Ventricle
Where do the Ventricles pump blood out from
Arteries
What process happens in the lungs that causes blood to become oxygenated?
Gaseous Exchange
Outline the stages of the heart beating
- atrial systole and ventricular diastole
- ventricular systole and atrial diastole
What name is given to the cycle of blood between the lungs and the heart?
Cardiac Cycle
