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GCSE PE AQA > Cardio - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardio - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we call the tiny air sacs found at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

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2
Q

Which one of these best describes the pathway of air.
A. Mouth; Nose; Trachea; Bronchioles; Alveoli; Lungs
B. Nose; Mouth; Lungs; Trachea; Bronchi; Alveoli
C Mouth; Trachea; Bronchi; Alveoli; Bronchioles; Lungs
D Nose; Trachea; Bronchi; Lungs; Bronchioles; Alveoli

A

D

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3
Q

Describe the Pathway of Air through the Respiratory System from The Trachea to Alveoli

A

After passing through the Trachea, the air travels into the bronchi, then into the lungs, and then bronchioles; before reaching the alveoli

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4
Q

Which gas travels from the blood into the alveoli?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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5
Q

Oxygen travels from the alveoli into the blood because:

A
  • There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli.

* There is a low concentration of oxygen in the blood.

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide travels from the blood into the alveoli because:

A

• There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the
blood.
• There is a low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

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7
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Red blood cells carry haemoglobin, which transports gases around the body. Haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the body to the alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen binds with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin. This is transported through the blood to the tissues around the body.

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8
Q

Gas Exchange – Alveoli to Capillaries

A
  • The alveoli have a high oxygen concentration
  • The capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen
  • Oxygen moves from high to low concentration, through the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries, in this way the capillaries gain oxygen to transport around
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9
Q

Gas Exchange – Capillaries to Alveoli

A
  • Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a high-pressure concentration of CO2.
  • Alveoli have a low pressure/ concentration of C02
  • Movement of C02 from high pressure to low
  • C02 is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out
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10
Q

Exercise Intensities

A

During Aerobic Activity there is an increase in breathing rate and an increase in gas exchange to meet the demands of the working muscles for more oxygen
After an Anaerobic Activity, there is an elevated breathing rate, allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery

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11
Q

Explain 1 Reason why Carbon Dioxide can diffuse from a capillary to the alveoli

A

There will be high levels of carbon dioxide in the capillaries and lower levels in the alveoli, therefore the carbon dioxide will move from high pressure in the capillaries to the alveoli to try and even out the concentration of C02.

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12
Q

Explain what will happen to the concentration of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the alveoli

A

It will be at a high concentration, as the blood in the capillaries has just exchanged gases at alveoli, so has just collected oxygen to take to the muscles.

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13
Q

Suggest what happens to the blood vessels serving the arms muscles and stomach during a rally explain the answers.

A

The blood vessels serving the arm widen undergo vasodilation the arms muscles are active during a tennis rally.
The blood vessels serving the stomach narrow undergo vasoconstriction as the stomach is inactive during the tennis rally.

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14
Q

Why do your arteries widen when you exercise

A

Your arteries widen to stop blood pressure getting too high and they also widen to make the most out of the blood supply by taking blood away from inactive organs and redistributing it to the muscles

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15
Q

What happens to your Cardiac Output if your heart rate decreases and stroke volume stays the same

A

It decreases

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16
Q

Describe how you breathe out faster during exercise

A

During exercise, the rib cage is pulled down quicker by the abdominal muscles. The chest cavity shrinks quicker forcing air out quicker.

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17
Q

Will you tidal volume be larger when exercising or standing still

A

When exercising as your taking deep breaths which increases your tidal volume

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18
Q

How are Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged in the lungs?

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli where it is at high concentration into the capillaries where it is at low concentration. Carbon Dioxide moves from the red blood cells in the capillaries at high concentration the alveoli at low concentration

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19
Q

Would you expect an artery or a vein to have a thicker wall and why

A

An artery as they carry blood away from the heart whereas veins carry blood towards the heart. Blood flowing away from the heart is at high pressure than blood flowing towards the heart. Arteries need a thicker wall to carry this high blood pressure.

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20
Q

Give one advantage of capillaries being narrow

A

It means that lots of them can fit into the body’s tissues, which give them a large surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily. It causes blood to flow through them slowly, so blood has a longer time to exchange gases with the body’s tissue.

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21
Q

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood

Which carry deoxygenated blood

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood

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22
Q

What is formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen in red blood cells.

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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23
Q

Name the vessel which has valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way

A

A vein

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24
Q

Name the vessel which has a thin wall so gases can easily pass through

A

A capillary

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25
Q

Name the vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

An artery

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26
Q

True or False Haemoglobin transports Carbon Dioxide to the lungs

A

True

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27
Q

Why valves upon and close

A

Due to blood flow pressure so that blood can fill the heart chambers they close to prevent backflow

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28
Q

True or False Diastole is when the heart contracts and pumps blood out

A

False Systole is when the heart contracts and pumps blood out

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29
Q

What is Bradycardia

A

Lower Resting Heart Rate as a result of sustained exercise

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30
Q

Faizaan is planning to sustain his involvement in exercise and physical activity. What long term effects will this have?

A
  • Bradycardia

- Hypertrophy

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31
Q

Advantage of Increased Breathing - Games Player

A

More oxygen can be moved from the blood into the lungs to supply the working muscles
More Carbon Dioxide can be removed from the blood into the lungs and breathed out. More energy will be available for the rest of the game an advantage for a game player

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32
Q

How does our diaphragm behave when we exhale?

A

Relaxes

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33
Q

Which two muscles contract when we inhale?

A

Diaphragm

Intercostals

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34
Q

Name two of the main blood vessels found in the heart:

A

Aorta, Pulmonary Vein, Vena Cava, Pulmonary Artery

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35
Q

What will happen during exercise on a spirometer trace

A

During exercise, the spirometer trace will change. The peak will increase into the inspiratory reserve volume. The trough will dip lower into the expiratory reserve volume.
However, there is always some air left in the lungs. This prevents them from collapsing.

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36
Q

What will happen at rest on a spirometer trace

A

The trace will have consistently equal peaks and troughs (highs and lows) using about 500ml of air

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37
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normal inhalation.

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38
Q

What happens during Exhalation

A

The volume of the chest cavity decreases
The pressure inside chest increases
Air rushes out of lungs

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39
Q

What happens during Inhalation

A

The volume of the chest cavity increases
A low pressure is created inside the chest
Air rushes into the lungs

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40
Q

During which breathing process do the abdominal muscles contract?

A

Expiration

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41
Q

What happens during expiration at rest

A

Intercostals contract
Diaphragm
Volume in the chest cavity decreases forcing air out

42
Q

What happens during inspiration at rest

A

The intercostals muscles contract
Diaphragm flattens
Volume in chest cavity increases - reduced pressure in lungs causing air to rush in.

43
Q

Other than the pectorals outline the muscle the assist with inhalation

A

sternocleidomastoid
diaphragm
External intercostals

44
Q

Effects of Exercise on the Heart

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Stroke Volume Increases
  • Cardiac Output increases
45
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

is the volume of blood that the left ventricle (pumps out) with each beat.

46
Q

Where are ventricles located

A

Lower Chambers of the heart

47
Q

Where is the atria located

A

Top chambers of the heart

48
Q

Define Vasoconstriction

A

Constriction of Blood Vessels, Increasing Blood Pressure

49
Q

Define Vasodilation

A

Dilation of Blood Vessels, Reducing Blood Pressure

50
Q

Role of a capillary

A

Gas Exchange

51
Q

Role of a vein

A

Carries OXygenated Blood FROM the heart

52
Q

Role of the artery

A

Carries DEoxygenated Blood TO the heart

53
Q

Features of a capillary

A
  • Very thin walls – To allow nutrients and gases to pass through, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and removing carbon dioxide
  • Small internal diameter
54
Q

Features of a vein

A
  • Thin walls
  • Contain valves to prevent backflow
  • Large Lumen
  • Don’t have a pulse
55
Q

Features of an Artery

A
  • Thick Muscular and Elastic Walls: Arteries are elasticated and thick. This lets them cope with the high pressures at which blood is pumped away from the thick, muscular ventricles of the heart.
  • Small internal diameter
56
Q

List at least 3 Features that assist Gaseous Exchange

A
  • Large Surface area of Alveolis
  • Moist Thin Walls
  • Short distance of Diffusion
  • Lots of Capillaries
  • Large blood Supply
  • Movement of Gas from High to Low concentration
57
Q

Define Residual Volume

A

is the volume of air that is left in the lungs after exhalation.

58
Q

Define Expiatory Reserve Volume

A

is the additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after 1 normal exhalation

59
Q

What is the average Tidal Volume

A

500ml or 0.5 Litres

60
Q

Define Tidal Volume

A

is the amount of air breathed in or out during rest

61
Q

How do inspiration and expiration occur

A

Changes in Air Pressure

62
Q

Describe what happens during:

Exhaling, Diapraghm

A

Relaxes, moves back upwards

63
Q

Describe what happens during:

Exhaling, Rib Cage

A

Contracts inwards

64
Q

Describe what happens during:

Exhaling, Intercostals

A

Relax, Pulls the Rib Cage downwards and inwards

65
Q

Describe what happens during:

Inhaling,Diaphragm

A

Contracts and moves downwards

66
Q

Describe what happens during:

Inhaling, Rib Cage

A

Contracts and moves downwards

67
Q

Describe what happens during:

Inhaling, Intercostals

A

Enlarge the Chest Cavity

68
Q

Describe the journey of the pathway of air

A

Mouth/Nose, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs and Alveoli

69
Q

Explain the Cardiac Cycle for oxygenated blood

A

Having been oxygenated in the lungs, blood then travels along the pulmonary vein back to the heart.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
The atrium then contracts and pushes the oxygenated blood through another valve (to prevent backflow) and into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle then contracts to pump blood into the aorta (out to the rest of the body) at high pressure.

70
Q

Explain the Cardiac Cycle for deoxygenated blood

A

Deoxygenated blood travels from the body to the right atrium, via the vena cava.
The atrium contracts and blood is pushed through a valve (to prevent backflow) into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle then contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.

71
Q

What is the process of relaxing and filling up with blood?

A

Diastole

72
Q

What is the process of contracting and pumping out

A

Systole

73
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A

Elasticated walls
Can vasoconstrict and vasodilate
Thick walls

74
Q

Characteristics of veins

A 
Large lumen
Don't have a pulse
Have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Carry blood towards the heart
Thin walls
75
Q

Evaluate the importance of vasodilation in sport

A

Vasodilation is part of the vascular shunt/opening of vessels to allow more blood through.
Exercise requires more blood to the working muscles / more oxygenated blood
Vasodilation allows more blood to travel through the arteries to the muscles which need a greater
supply of oxygen during exercise
A lack of oxygen during exercise would result in waste products / lactic acid, etc (

76
Q

What is the Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and its adaptions

A

Artery
Thick elastic walls
Carries blood at high pressure

77
Q

What is a slight rise in heart rate before exercise known as

A

Anticipatory rise caused by Adrenaline

78
Q

How would the mechanics of Adam’s breathing change during inhalation as a result of exercise

A

During inhalation, his lungs can expand more during exercise due to his pectorals

79
Q

What will the concentration of oxygen in the blood be just after it leaves the alveoli?

A

High concentration as the blood in the capillaries has just exchanged gases at the alveoli so has collected oxygen to take to the muscles.

80
Q

Explain one reason why carbon dioxide can diffuse from a capillary to the alveoli.

A

there will be high levels of carbon dioxide in the capillaries and lower levels in the alveoli, therefore, the carbon dioxide will move from high pressure in the Capillaries to the alveoli to try and even out the concentration of CO2.

81
Q

Describe the pathway of air through the respiratory system from the trachea to the alveoli

A

After passing through the trachea the air travels into the bronchi then into the lungs and then bronchioles than into the alveoli

82
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected/pumped from the heart in one minute
Stroke volume x heart rate

83
Q

Which gas travels from the blood into the alveoli?

A

C02

84
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange

A

There is a very good blood supply to the lungs. This means that there are plenty of capillaries (blood vessels) surrounding the alveoli for diffusion to take place.
Large surface area - Increases amount of oxygen absorbed

85
Q

How are the alveoli adapted for their role

A

They are only 1 cell thick, meaning that there’s a short distance for the oxygen to travel.
They are moist.

86
Q

Describe the Pathway of Air in Detail

A

Air is taken in through the mouth or nose.
The air flows through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea is lined with cilia (tiny hairs) that catch dust particles.
When the trachea reaches the lungs, it divides into 2 branches called the bronchi. Each of these bronchi enters a lung.
In the lungs, the bronchi divide further into many bronchioles. These bronchioles are less than 1mm in diameter.
At the end of the bronchioles are a cluster of alveoli. These are tiny air sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.

87
Q

What is EPOC

A

(Excess, Post-exercise,Oxygen Consumption)
The additional amount of energy consumed after anaerobic exercise during the recovery period. Or it is referred to as Oxygen Debt.

88
Q

When and Why EPOC occurs

A

EPOC occurs after exercise during recovery, to get additional oxygen into the body compared to what would be consumed at rest to break down the build up of lactic acid that happens when the performer works anaerobically.

89
Q

What does a Cool-Down do

A 
Remove waste products
Reduce the effect of DOMS
Prevent blood pooling
Stop light-headedness
Slowly reduce heart rate to a resting level
90
Q

Outline how valves help to control the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart

A

Differences in pressure cause valves to open or close. Valves open to allow the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart and close to prevent backflow.

91
Q

Explain one way the structure of arteries make them suited to their functions

A

Arteries have thick muscular walls which allow them to carry blood at high pressure

92
Q

Explain why Cristiano Ronaldo would benefit from having a high number of blood cells

A

Red blood cells would benefit a marathon runner as they carry oxygen, so there is a high number of red blood cells, which would lead to more oxygen being delivered to muscles during exercise, this is important as it will enable a marathon runner to keep going for long periods of time.

93
Q

Outline what happens to the tidal volume and inspiration reserve volume during exercise

A
  • Tidal Volume would increase

- Inspiratory Reserve volume would decrease

94
Q

Outline what would happen to Expiratory Reserve Volume during exercise

A

It would decrease during exercise

95
Q

What is the structure of the right ventricle and why

A
  • Thinner Walls
  • Less Muscular
    This is because less pressure is needed to pump the deoxygenated blood into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
96
Q

What is the structure of the left ventricle and why

A
  • Thick Strong Wall
  • More Muscular
    This is because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body at a high pressure to make sure it gets there.
97
Q

Which Ventricle has thin walls and is less muscular

A

Right Ventricle

98
Q

Which Ventricle has a thick strong wall and is more muscular

A

Left Ventricle

99
Q

Where do the Ventricles pump blood out from

A

Arteries

100
Q

What process happens in the lungs that causes blood to become oxygenated?

A

Gaseous Exchange

101
Q

Outline the stages of the heart beating

A
  • atrial systole and ventricular diastole

- ventricular systole and atrial diastole

102
Q

What name is given to the cycle of blood between the lungs and the heart?

A

Cardiac Cycle

GCSE PE AQA (6 decks)

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