Cardio-resp Flashcards
4 patters of pneumonia
- bronchopneumonia
- airway
- interstitial lung dz
- embolic pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
- what
- gross lesion
- histo
- cause
- inflammatory stuff filling airway lumen but cells themselves okay
- cranial-ventral consolidation
- neutrophils and fibrin fill alveoli and bronchioles
- airborne bac
Airways dz
- gross
- histo
- cause
- lung okay grossly???
- inflammation and necrosis of bronchi and bronchiole walls
- viruses, bac, hypersensitivity, irritants, toxic (club cells)
Interstitial pneumonia
- what
- gross
- histo
- cause
- injury to alveolar epi or endothelium
- diffusely rubbery
- hyaline membrane, prolif of type 2 pneumocytes, interstitial fibrosis
- viral, sepsis, toxin, hypersensitivity
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
- combo of interstitial and bronchiolar pattern
Embolic pneumonia
- cause
- gross
- histo
- blood-borne showering of lungs (small amount, chronically)
- focal/multifocal lesions
- foci of suppurative +/- necrosis
4 defense systems of lung
- mucociliary clearance
- antimicrobial proteins in lung fluid
- alveolar macrophage
- recruited WBC
Sequelae of bac pneumonia in cattle
- death due to sepsis if acute
- pleural adhesion
- lung fibrosis
- abscessation
- sequestrum
- bronchiectasis
What is bronchiectasis
Degredation of bronchial wall via neutrophils –> bronchoiles dilates
What’s important about abscess, bronchiectasis, and sequestrums?
- are permanent
- inaccessible to abx
- can become nidus for relapse
3 functions of club cells
Where are they found?
1) stem cell
2) metabolism and detox
3) decr inflammation
- in bronchioles
How does airway disease lead to airway obstruction
- Inflammation and edema of bronchiole walls –> wall thickening
- inflammatory stuff in lumen
- bronchoconstriction from irritation
2 main effects of airway dz on lung function
- decr alveolar ventilation
- incr expiratory effort
3 general outcomes of airway injury and 1 sequelae of chronic
- repair and recovery via club cells
- bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans
- chronic bronchiolitis
- epi metaplasia (either mucous, squamous, or neoplastic)
What is bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans and how does it occur
- is fibrosis of
- erosion of epi –> exudate, fibrin, and WBC go into lumen –> infiltrate fibroblasts –> fibrosis
Sequaele of bronchiolitis fibrosa obliterans and pathogenesis
Cor pulmonale
- area no longer well ventilated –> lower O2 –> vasoconstriction –> pulmonary hypertension –> R sided heart failure
Healing from interstitial dz
- acute
- subacute
- chronic
- edema and hyaline membrane
- prolif of hype 2 pneumocytes
- interstitial fibrosis
3 Impacts on lung function in alveolar injury
- decr gas exchange
- decr compliance
- decr lung volume
Acute resp distress syndrome
- what
- lung pattern
- acute onset of severe hypoxemia
- interstitial
What is pneumoconiosis
- type of patter
lung dz from inhalation of foreign or inorganic material
- interstitial
Causes of chylothorax
- thoracic duct injury
- idiopathic
- incr venous pressure: .e.g heart failure, neoplasia
- intrathoracic mass
2 causes of pneumothorax
- penetrating injury
- ruptured pulmonary bulla
3 acute effects of airway injury
- failure of mucociliary clearance
- obstruction to airflow
- failure of alveolar ventilation
Conditions predisposing dogs to lung infection
- aspiration pneumonia
- contagious bac
- prev viral infection
- immunosupp
- neutropenia
Histo lesions suggestive of bovine resp synsitial virus
- flattening of bronchiolar epi cells
- multinucleated epi cells
Emphysema
- what
- pathogenesis
- too much air in alveoli or interstitium
- breathing in air that gets trapped by damaged bronchioles
Atelectasis
- what
- cause
- collapse alveoli with little air
- blocked airway, fetal, stuff in chest cavity
Mycoplasma lesions
- mf caseous pale raised lesions
- cranioventral distr.
- -/+ middle ear lesion
Histophilus somni lesion
- acute fibrinous pleuritis
A toxicity that affects lungs in cows and what pattern?
- 3-methyl-indol toxicity
- interstitial
Strep equi equi in horses
- lesions
- sequelae
- retrpharyngeal LN abscess
- septicemia, hemolytic syndrome/purpura hemorhagica?, aspiration pneumonia
3 diseases of gutteral pouch
2 sequelae
- mycosis
- empyema
- tempany
- erosion of blood vessels
- damage CNS
Most common cause of pleural dz in horses
- bronchopneumonia
Rhodococus equi
- lesion
- multiple absecesses, cranioventral distribution, intracellular bac on histo
Causes of interstitial dz in neonate foals
- sepsis
- herpesvirus
- hyaline membrane dz (no surfactant)
- meconium aspiration
Reasons feline upper resp infections become chronic
- persistant infection
- post-inflamm scarring
- destruction of epi/turbinates
- hidden focus/nidus
- decr immuno (e.g. FeLV, FIV)
What predisposes dogs to bac pneumonia more than cats?
- dogs: aspiration pneumonia
- cat: viral infection
Lung worms in
- dogs
- cats
- cattle
- Toxocara canis migrans, oslerus, HW
- aelurostrongylus, paragonimus (also dog)
- dictyocaulus
Cd-ventral distribution indicative of what infection?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs
Swine resp pathogens
- PRRS
- circovirus
- influenze
- mycoplasma
- actinobacillus
Resp dz’s in sheep and their distribution
- ethmoid neoplasia
- Mannhemia haemolytica: septicemia
- pasteurella trehalosi: septicemia-
Maedi visna: interstitial - Muellerius capillaris
