Cardio-Pulmonary

Question 1

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

Answer 1

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration

IC is approximately 60% of total lung volume.

Question 2

What does Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) refer to?

Answer 2

The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume

IRV is about 50% of total lung volume.

Question 3

Define Vital Capacity (VC).

Answer 3

The total amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximal inhalation

VC is approximately 75% of total lung volume.

Question 4

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

Answer 4

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

TV is roughly 10% of total lung volume.

Question 5

What does Total Lung Capacity (TLC) encompass?

Answer 5

The total volume of air the lungs can hold

TLC is 100% of lung volume.

Question 6

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

Answer 6

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

ERV is about -15% of total volume.

Question 7

Define Residual Volume (RV).

Answer 7

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

RV is approximately 25% of total lung volume.

Question 8

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

Answer 8

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

FRC is about 40% of total lung volume.

Question 9

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 9

Oxygen is transported by being physically dissolved in plasma and chemically combined with hemoglobin

Much more oxygen is combined with hemoglobin than is dissolved in plasma.

Question 10

What are the main forms of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

Answer 10

Carbon dioxide is transported as:
* Physically dissolved in blood
* Chemically combined with amino acids of hemoglobin
* Bicarbonate ions

80-90% of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions.

Question 11

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 11

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery

Common sites include the thoracic and abdominal aorta.

Question 12

What are common causes of aneurysms?

Answer 12

Causes include:
* Congenital defects
* Weakness in vessel walls
* Chronic hypertension
* Connective tissue diseases
* Trauma
* Infection

Question 13

What are the signs and symptoms of aortic aneurysms?

Answer 13

Signs include:
* Usually asymptomatic
* Generalized abdominal or low back pain
* Pulsations near the navel for abdominal aortic aneurysms
* Severe headache, nausea, vomiting for cerebral aneurysms

Question 14

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 14

A transient precordial sensation of pressure due to myocardial ischemia

Common types include stable angina, unstable angina, and progressive angina.

Question 15

What triggers stable angina?

Answer 15

Occurs at a predictable level of exertion

Usually relieved by rest.

Question 16

What characterizes unstable angina?

Answer 16

More intense, occurs spontaneously, and is often triggered by less exertion

Can be a precursor to a heart attack.

Question 17

What is the etiology of angina pectoris?

Answer 17

Inadequate blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle, mostly due to coronary artery disease

This can lead to ischemia.

Question 18

What is the definition of atherosclerosis?

Answer 18

A progressive accumulation of fatty plaques on the inner walls of arteries.

Question 19

What are common risk factors that may lead to atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

• Hypertension
• High cholesterol
• Smoking
• Diabetes

Question 20

What treatment options are available for recurring angina pectoris?

Answer 20

• Supplemental oxygen
• Nitroglycerin
• Long-acting nitrates
• Beta blockers
• Calcium channel blockers

Question 21

What surgical procedures may be performed when medications are ineffective for coronary artery issues?

Answer 21

• Angioplasty with stenting
• Coronary artery bypass surgery

Question 22

What symptoms may arise when cerebral arteries are affected by atherosclerosis?

Answer 22

• Numbness or weakness of the arms or legs
• Difficulty speaking or slurred speech
• Drooping face muscles

Question 23

What is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?

Answer 23

A condition where veins and valves in the lower extremity are damaged, preventing blood from flowing toward the heart.

Question 24

What are common signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 24

• Leg swelling
• Varicose veins
• Aching or cramping
• Itching
• Redness or skin ulcers

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The cardinal symptom of cor pulmonale is _______.

Answer 25

[progressive shortness of breath]

Question 26

What are the treatment options for cor pulmonale?

Answer 26

• Supplemental oxygen
• Diuretics
• Anticoagulation

Question 27

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 27

The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atheromatous plaques resulting in diminished blood flow.

Question 28

What are some risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Answer 28

• High LDL cholesterol
• Low HDL cholesterol
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity

Question 29

What lifestyle changes may help in the treatment of coronary artery disease?

Answer 29

• Smoking cessation
• Weight loss
• Heart-healthy diet
• Regular exercise

Question 30

True or False: A complete blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are the common treatments recommended for atherosclerosis?

Answer 31

• Lifestyle changes
• Medications
• Surgery

Question 32

What is the primary cause of cor pulmonale?

Answer 32

Pulmonary hypertension from chronically increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation.

Question 33

What are the signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease when the lumen is occluded more than 70%?

Answer 33

• Angina
• Shortness of breath
• Other symptoms may not be felt until occlusion exceeds 70%