Cardio-Pulmonary Flashcards
What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
IC is approximately 60% of total lung volume.
What does Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) refer to?
The additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume
IRV is about 50% of total lung volume.
Define Vital Capacity (VC).
The total amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximal inhalation
VC is approximately 75% of total lung volume.
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing
TV is roughly 10% of total lung volume.
What does Total Lung Capacity (TLC) encompass?
The total volume of air the lungs can hold
TLC is 100% of lung volume.
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
ERV is about -15% of total volume.
Define Residual Volume (RV).
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
RV is approximately 25% of total lung volume.
What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
FRC is about 40% of total lung volume.
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Oxygen is transported by being physically dissolved in plasma and chemically combined with hemoglobin
Much more oxygen is combined with hemoglobin than is dissolved in plasma.
What are the main forms of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
Carbon dioxide is transported as:
* Physically dissolved in blood
* Chemically combined with amino acids of hemoglobin
* Bicarbonate ions
80-90% of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions.
What is an aneurysm?
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery
Common sites include the thoracic and abdominal aorta.
What are common causes of aneurysms?
Causes include:
* Congenital defects
* Weakness in vessel walls
* Chronic hypertension
* Connective tissue diseases
* Trauma
* Infection
What are the signs and symptoms of aortic aneurysms?
Signs include:
* Usually asymptomatic
* Generalized abdominal or low back pain
* Pulsations near the navel for abdominal aortic aneurysms
* Severe headache, nausea, vomiting for cerebral aneurysms
What is angina pectoris?
A transient precordial sensation of pressure due to myocardial ischemia
Common types include stable angina, unstable angina, and progressive angina.
What triggers stable angina?
Occurs at a predictable level of exertion
Usually relieved by rest.
What characterizes unstable angina?
More intense, occurs spontaneously, and is often triggered by less exertion
Can be a precursor to a heart attack.
What is the etiology of angina pectoris?
Inadequate blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle, mostly due to coronary artery disease
This can lead to ischemia.
What is the definition of atherosclerosis?
A progressive accumulation of fatty plaques on the inner walls of arteries.
What are common risk factors that may lead to atherosclerosis?
- Hypertension
- High cholesterol
- Smoking
- Diabetes
What treatment options are available for recurring angina pectoris?
- Supplemental oxygen
- Nitroglycerin
- Long-acting nitrates
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
What surgical procedures may be performed when medications are ineffective for coronary artery issues?
- Angioplasty with stenting
- Coronary artery bypass surgery
What symptoms may arise when cerebral arteries are affected by atherosclerosis?
- Numbness or weakness of the arms or legs
- Difficulty speaking or slurred speech
- Drooping face muscles
What is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?
A condition where veins and valves in the lower extremity are damaged, preventing blood from flowing toward the heart.
What are common signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency?
- Leg swelling
- Varicose veins
- Aching or cramping
- Itching
- Redness or skin ulcers
Fill in the blank: The cardinal symptom of cor pulmonale is _______.
[progressive shortness of breath]
What are the treatment options for cor pulmonale?
- Supplemental oxygen
- Diuretics
- Anticoagulation
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atheromatous plaques resulting in diminished blood flow.
What are some risk factors for coronary artery disease?
- High LDL cholesterol
- Low HDL cholesterol
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
What lifestyle changes may help in the treatment of coronary artery disease?
- Smoking cessation
- Weight loss
- Heart-healthy diet
- Regular exercise
True or False: A complete blockage of a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack.
True
What are the common treatments recommended for atherosclerosis?
- Lifestyle changes
- Medications
- Surgery
What is the primary cause of cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary hypertension from chronically increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation.
What are the signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease when the lumen is occluded more than 70%?
- Angina
- Shortness of breath
- Other symptoms may not be felt until occlusion exceeds 70%
