Cardio - Physio (Cardiac cycle & Splitting) Flashcards
See p. 270-271 in First Aid 2014 or p. 256-257 in First Aid 2013 Sections include: -Cardiac cycle -Splitting
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle (as it applies to the left ventricle)?
(1) Isovolumetric contraction (2) Systolic ejection (3) Isovolumetric relaxation (4) Rapid filling (5) Reduced filling
When is Isovolumetric contraction in the cardiac cycle?
Period between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening
When is Systolic ejection in the cardiac cycle?
Period between aortic valve opening and closing
When is Isovolumetric relaxation in the cardiac cycle?
Period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening
When is Rapid filling in the cardiac cycle?
Period just after mitral valve opening
When is Reduced filling in the cardiac cycle?
Period just before mitral valve closure
Graph the cardiac cycle phases, labeling key phases as well as the Stroke Volume, End Diastolic Volume, and End Systolic Volume.
See p. 256 in First Aid - top graph, dark blue tracing
After having graphed the normal cardiac cycle phases, draw the changes created by Increasing Preload and SV.
See p. 256 in First Aid - top graph, light green tracing
After having graphed the normal cardiac cycle phases, draw the changes created by Increasing Afterload, Aortic Pressure and End Systolic Volume and Decreasing Stroke Volume.
See p. 256 in First Aid - top graph, light blue tracing
After having graphed the normal cardiac cycle phases, draw the changes created by Increasing Contractility, Stroke Volume, and Ejection Fraction and Decreasing End Systolic Volume.
See p. 256 in First Aid - top graph, orange tracing
At what phase in the cardiac cycle does the highest O2 consumption occur?
Isovolumetric contraction (i.e., Period between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening)
What effect(s) does Increased Preload have in the cardiac cycle?
(= Increased End Diastolic Volume) Increased Stroke Volume
What effect(s) do Increased Afterload and Aortic pressure have in the cardiac cycle?
Decreased Stroke Volume & Increased End Systolic Volume
What effect(s) do Increased Contractility and Ejection Fraction have in the cardiac cycle?
Increased Stroke Volume & Decreased End Systolic Volume
What are the names of the sounds that can be heard in the cardiac cycle?
S1, S2, S3, S4 (“atrial kick”)
What is S1? Where is it loudest?
Mitral and tricupsid valve closure; Loudest at mitral area
What is S2? Where is it loudest?
Aortic and pulmonary valve closure; Loudest at left sternal border
When can S3 be heard? With what is it associated?
In early diastole during rapid ventricular filling phase; Associated with increased filling pressures (e.g., mitral regurgitation, CHF)
In what circumstances is S3 more common? When is S3 normal?
More common in dilated ventricles (but normal in children and pregnancy women)
When can S4 be heard? What causes S4? With what is it associated, and why?
In late diastole; High atrial pressure; Associated with ventricular hypertrophy, because left atrium must push against stiff LV wall
What are the names of the parts of the jugular venous pulse (JVP)?
(1) a wave (2) c wave (3) x descent (4) v wave (5) y descent
What is the a wave of JVP?
Atrial contraction; Think: “a = Atrial (contraction)”
What is the c wave of JVP?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium); Think: “c = (RV) Contraction”
What is the x descent of JVP?
Atrial relaxation and downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during ventricular contraction