Cardio - Path (Part 2: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, & Artery Disorders) Flashcards
Pg. 284-287 in First Aid 2014 Pg. 267-268 in First Aid 2013 Sections include: -Hypertension -Hyperlipidemia signs -Arteriosclerosis -Atherosclerosis -Aortic aneurysms -Aortic dissection
How is hypertension defined?
Defined as a systolic BP >= 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP >= 90 mmHg
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
(1) Increased Age (2) Obesity (3) Diabetes (4) Smoking (5) Genetics (e.g., black > white > asian)
In terms of race, which have the greater risks for hypertension? List in order of decreasing risk.
Black > White > Asian
What percentage of hypertension is primary (essential)? What is the nature of the majority of the remaining hypertension?
90%; Remaining 10% mostly secondary to renal disease, including fibromuscular dysplasia in young patients
To what cardiovascular factors/changes is essential hypertension related?
Increased CO or Increased TPR
What defines a hypertensive emergency?
Hypertensive emergency - Severe hypertension (>= 180/120 mmHg) with evidence of acute, ongoing target organ damage (e.g., papilledema, mental status changes)
To what 7 conditions does hypertension predispose patients?
(1) Atherosclerosis (2) Left ventricular hypertrophy (3) Stroke (4) CHF (5) Renal failure (6) Retinopathy (7) Aortic dissection
What are 3 signs of hyperlipidemia?
(1) Xanthomas (2) Tendinous xanthoma (3) Corneal arcus
What are xanthomas? Where do they especially occur, and what are they called there?
Plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden histiocytes in the skin, especially the eyelids (xanthelasma)
What is a Tendinous xanthoma? Where is it especially common?
Lipid deposit in tendon, especially Achilles
What is a Corneal arcus? What causes it to appear early in life? What is it called when it appears in the elderly?
Lipid deposit in cornea, appears early in life with hypercholesterolemia. Common in elderly (arcus senilus).
What are the types of Arteriosclerosis?
(1) Monckeberg (2) Arteriolosclerosis (3) Atherosclerosis
What is Monckeberg arteriosclerosis, and where is it especially found?
Calcification in the media of the arteries, especially radial or ulnar;
Is Monckeberg usually benign or malignant?
Benign
What is a key physical exam/imaging finding in Monckeberg arteriosclerosis?
“Pipestem” arteries
What are key histological findings Monckeberg arteriosclerosis? More specifically, what is the level of obstruction and/or vessel wall involvement?
Calcifications in media of the arteries, Does not obstruct blood flow; intima not involved
What are the types of arteriolosclerosis?
(1) Hyaline (2) Hyperplastic
What is hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
Thickening of small arteries in essential hypertension or diabetes mellitus
What is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
“Onion skinning” in malignant hypertension
What is atherosclerosis?
Fibrous plaques and atheromas form in intima of arteries
What kind of arteries does atherosclerosis affect?
Disease of elastic arteries and large- and medium- sized muscular arteries
What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis? What are the non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
MODIFIABLE: smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes; NON-MODIFIABLE: age, gender (increase in men & postmenopausal women), & positive family history
What is important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Inflammation
Describe the progression of atherosclerosis.
Endothelial cell dysfunction –> Macrophage and LDL accumulation –> Foam cell formation –> Fatty streaks –> Smooth muscle cell migration (involves PDGF & FGF), proliferation, & extracellular matrix deposition –> Fibrous plaque –> Complex atheromas