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Boards Cardio Selected Mnemonics > Cardio Path > Flashcards

Cardio Path Flashcards

1
Q

Right to Left Shunts?

A

Early cyanosis: 5 T’s
1 Truncus arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 Transposition of vessels (2 switched vessels)
3 Tricuspid atresia (3=tri, must have ASD and VSD to be viable)
4. TETRAlogy of Fallot
5. Total Anomoalous Pulmonary venous return (pulm beans drain to right heart. Need ASD or PDA to have R-L shunt and maintain CO

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2
Q

Boot shaped heart?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (RVH causes it). Also has Pulmonary stenosis (IMPORTANT FOR PROGNOSIS), over riding aorta and VSD. IT is most comma ncause of childhood cyanosis

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3
Q

Most common L to R shunts?

A

VSD>ASD>PDA

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4
Q

Wide fixed S2 split?

A

ASD (regardless of breath, the pressure equalized R-L so there is a fixed split)

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5
Q

Differential cyanosis happens with what?

A

PDA b/c shunt is after first branches after aorta and blood goes back to R side

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6
Q

What are signs of Eisenmenger syndrome and what is it caused by?

A

Uncorrected L-R causes high pulmonary flow and remodeling of pulm vasculature causes pulmonary HTN and RVH compensates and shunt becomes R to L L. See late cyanosis, clubbing and polychythemia (makes sense to make more RBC when low O2)

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7
Q

Rib notching?

A

adult coarctation

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8
Q

Difference between adult and infant coarctation?

A

Infant is proximal to PDA and presents with closure of ductus arterioles, reopen it with PGE2. Adult type is distal to the aortic arch

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9
Q

Other heart issues associated with coarctation?

A

Turner syndrome (X0) and bicuspid aortic valve

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10
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: 22q11 syndrome?

A

Truncus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot (makes sense, failure of neural crest cells to migrate to make a proper separation of great arteries)

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11
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: Down syndrome

A

Down syndrome? Endocardial cusion defects: (especially know ASD) ASD, VSD, AV septal defect

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12
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A

VSD

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13
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: Turner Syndrome

A

Bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation

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14
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: Marfan syndrome?

A

MVP and dissection resulting in aortic regurgitation

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15
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: diabetic mother?

A

Transposition of Great Arteries (TGa1c (like HbA1c, but just say TGa1c!)

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16
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: Congenital rubella

A

PDA!! Septal defects, pulmonary artery stenosis

17
Q

Congenital heart condition associated with: mother on Lithium (came up in Q bank)

A

Ebstein abnormality: Downwardly displaced tricuspid with large right atria dysfunction right ventricle

18
Q

Renal artery stenosis causes secondary hypertension, what can cause the stenosis?

A
  1. If old: atherosclerosis.

2. If young female, fibromuscular dysplasia (string of beads appearance on angiogram pg 284 of FA 2014)

19
Q

Calcificaiton of media of arteries are what?

A

Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis. DOES NOT OBSTRUCT FLOW and is benign finding and looks like a pipestem on x ray

20
Q

2 types of arteriolosclerosis

A

small vessels:

  1. Hyaline: from diabetes (non enzymatic glycosylation or benign HTN pushing proteins into vessel wall) and walls look thick and pink.
  2. Hyperplastic: onion skinning from malignant HTN
21
Q

Atherosclerosis complications (note the first as being interesting)

A

Aneurysm, ischemia, infarct, pvd, thrombus and emboli.

Symptoms: angina and claudication

22
Q

Risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurism:

A

Smoking and more than 50 years old

23
Q

3 causes of thoracic aortic aneurism

A
  1. Cystic medial degeneration from HTN
  2. Marfan (younger patients)
  3. Tertiary syphilis form OBLITERATIVE ENDARTERITIS of vasa vasorum (less blood flow to wall of blood vessel so it becomes weaker)
24
Q

unequal BP in arms

A

Aortic dissection

25
Q

Most common cause of death with aortic dissection?

A

Rupture into pericardium to cause tamponade

26
Q

What causes aortic dissection?

A

Need 2 things

  1. Lots of tstress (So in first 10 cm of aorta)
  2. Preexisting weakness of media: HIGH YIELD. Most often diabetes and hyaline arteriolosclerosis b/c blodo cant diffuse to outer parts of the vessel wall
27
Q

ST depression treatment?

A

Subendocardial ischemia: Stable angina probably. Nitro

28
Q

Variant angina tx?

A

Caclium blockers b/c it is vasoconstriction causing occlusion of arteries

29
Q

ST elevation tx?

A

transmural. It is an MI. Aspirin, heparin, O2, nitrate,beta blocker, ACEi

30
Q

Most commonly affected artery of MI and what arteries supply what part of heart?

A

LAD: Anterior wall and anterior portion of ventricular septum. Note: RCA affects posterior wall and L circumflex is lateral wall

31
Q

What do you see in first day of MI?

A

Coag necrosis (loss of nuclei). Most likely time of arrhythmia and death. NEUTROPHILS come in

32
Q

What is fibrinous pericarditis and when does it happen?

A

If transmural infarct, neutrophils can release a ton of ROS and it can affect pericardium and cause chest pain and be 1-3 days after MI

33
Q

What is risk after 3-14 days?

A

Macrophages are coming in, mass tissue turnover and rupture can happen.

34
Q

1 month after MI has 2 risks?

A

Scarin is done. Dressler syndrome risk which is antibodies to pericardium and is 6-8 weeks after MI. Aneuriysm s a risk which can cause dyskinesia.

35
Q

ECG diagnosis of MI: Leads with Q waves: V1-4

A

Anterior wall: LAD

36
Q

ECG diagnosis of MI: Leads with Q waves: V4-6

A

Anteriolateral LAD or LCX

37
Q

ECG diagnosis of MI: Leads with Q waves: I or aVL

A

Lateral wall: LCX

38
Q

ECG diagnosis of MI: Leads with Q waves: II, III, aVF

A

inFerior wall aVF (RCA)

39
Q

Pathologic Q waves?

A

greater than normal deflection and longer length of time b/c conduction through that part of the ventricle is crummy. Sign of previous or current MI

Boards Cardio Selected Mnemonics (5 decks)

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