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Cardiology > Cardio exam > Flashcards

Cardio exam Flashcards

1
Q

Are jugular pulsations normal in small animals

A

No

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2
Q

Are jugular pulses more likely to be increased when the animal inhales or exhales?

A

Inhales- increased thoracic pressure which puts more pressure on the right heart

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3
Q

T/F: Jugular pulses indicate congestive heart failure

A

F

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4
Q

What do jugular pulses indicate?

A

Elevated right heart filling pressures or obstruction to filling of right heart

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5
Q

What are some causes of jugular pulsations?

A

Tricuspid insufficiency
Hypertrophied/stiff right ventricle
Complete heart block

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6
Q

What are some causes of jugular distension?

A

Cranial vena cava occlusion (mass or thrombosis)

Very high right heart filling pressure (severe pericardial effusion)

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7
Q

What is hepatojugular reflux?

A

Positive= jugular pulse increased when liver is pressed on

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8
Q

What is “pseudo” jugular pulse?

A

Carotid artery pulsation near the thoracic inlet (dogs)

  • palpable
  • jug pulse not palpable
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9
Q

What is a precordial thrill?

A

The buzzing present with severe murmurs

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10
Q

What is the precordium?

A

Palpable heart beat through the thorax- do this on physical exam

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11
Q

What are you feeling when you palpate pulses?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic arterial pressures

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12
Q

Define hyperkinetic pulses:

A

Feel more prominent than normal- caused by increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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13
Q

What are weak pulses caused?

A

Hypokinetic- reduced stroke volume or narrower pulse pressure

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14
Q

Define pulse deficit

A

Less pulses palpable than heart beats

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15
Q

T/F: A thorough cardiac exam can be done with the patient laying down

A

F

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16
Q

What sound is S1

A

AV valve closure

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17
Q

What sound is S2

A

SL valve closure

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18
Q

What sound is S3

A

Vibrations in the heart wall associated with rapid ventricular filling

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19
Q

What sound is S4

A

Atrial contraction- rapid ventricular filling

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20
Q

Systolic clicks?

A

Delayed closure or prolapse of AV valves in mid-late systole

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21
Q

Abnormalities in S1

A

Split S1- conduction alterations between the two sides, can be normal in very large dogs

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22
Q

Abnormalities in S2

A

Split S2- delayed closure of aortic or pulmonic valve

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23
Q

Abnormalities in S3

A

S3 is only heard in small animals with very dilated ventricles- S3 Gallop

24
Q

Abnormalities in S4

A

S4 is only heard in small animals with very dilated atria - S4 Gallop

25
Q

Pathology of systolic clicks

A

Most commonly heard with early endocardiosis of the mitral valve- occasionally affects tricuspid valve

26
Q

Difference between murmurs and sound variations?

A

Sound abnormalities are short and transient, murmurs are long sounds

27
Q

Three steps to describe a murmur?

A
  1. Timing
  2. PMI
  3. Pitch and quality
28
Q

If the murmur occurs during a palpable pulse, is it systolic or diastolic?

A

Systolic

29
Q

PMI for the pulmonic valve?

A

Basal left- above the costo-chondral junction

30
Q

PMI for the aortic valve?

A

Basal left- above the costo-chondral junction

31
Q

PMI for the mitral valve?

A

Apical left- below the costo-chondral junction

32
Q

PMI for the tricuspid valve?

A

At costochondral junction- right

33
Q

PMI for VSD

A

Right apex- below the costo-chondral junction

34
Q

PMI for PDA

A

Prebasilar left- craniodorsal to heart base

35
Q

Regurgitant murmur sounds like:

A

Systolic consistent

36
Q

Ejection murmur sounds like:

A

Systolic crescendo then decrescendo

37
Q

Blowing murmur sounds like:

A

Diastolic decrescendo

38
Q

Continuous murmur sounds like:

A

Slight systolic crescendo, slight diastolic decrescendo

39
Q

To and fro murmur sounds like:

A

Systolic crescendo to decrescendo, diastolic decrescendo (ejection and blowing)

40
Q

Causes of regurg murmur?

A

Mitral or Tricuspid

41
Q

Causes of ejection murmur?

A

Pulmonic valve stenosis, subaortic stenosis, physiologic

42
Q

Causes of blowing murmur?

A

aortic regurg, pulmonic regurg

43
Q

Causes of continuous murmor?

A

PDA

44
Q

Causes of to and fro murmur?

A

Subaortic stenosis, aortic regurg

45
Q

Grade 1 murmur:

A

Very soft, localized to one region

46
Q

Grade 2 murmur:

A

Soft, radiates to 2 heart regions

47
Q

Grade 3 murmur:

A

Moderate, radiates to 2 heart regions

48
Q

Grade 4 murmur:

A

Loud, present in all 4 heart regions

49
Q

Grade 5 murmur:

A

Loud, present in all 4 regions, precordial thrill

50
Q

Grade 6 murmur:

A

Audible without stethoscope

51
Q

Is a louder or softer VSD murmur more severe

A

Louder is a smaller hole, more turbulent flow

52
Q

What are some cardiac diseases without murmurs

A 
Tetrology of Fallot
Cardiomyopathies
Pericardial effusion
Pulmonary hypertension
Systemic hypertension
Arrhythmias
53
Q

Describe stertor and stridor:

A

Discontinuous sounds and wheezes present without a stethoscope

54
Q

Describe crackles:

A

Non-musical, discontinuous sounds, like crumpled paper

55
Q

Describe wheezes:

A

musical, continuous sounds

Cardiology (7 decks)

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