Cardio Exam 2 Flashcards
What is infective endocarditis (IE)?
Infection of the endocardium that may include valves. Can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus.
What does FROM JANE stand for?
Sign of bacterial endocarditis. Fever, roth spot (ruptured blood vessel in the eye), Osler nodes (painful red lesions on the hands/feet), murmur, janeway lesions (red non-tender hemorrhagic macules on plantar surface o the toes), anemia, nail bed hemorrhage, and emboli.
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
Signs and symptoms of pericarditis?
Chest pain, fever, orthopnea, fatigue, cough, palpitations, and edema. Can also hear a pericardial friction rub (a grating, scratchy, high-pitched sound).
Complications of pericarditis?
Pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pericardiocentesis.
What are s/sx of cardiac tamponade?
Confusion, hypotension, tachycardia, JVD, tachypnea, distant heart sounds.
Treatment of pericarditis?
Treat the underlying cause, antibiotics, bed rest, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bedrest, pericardiocentesis, pericardial window, pericardiectomy.
S/sx of myocarditis?
Typically asymptomatic. Fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, malaise, dyspnea, palpitations, GI discomfort, chest pain, tachycardia, sudden death.
What is thrombophlebitis?
Need Virchow’s triad. Stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, and hyper coagulability. Is the formation of a clot and followed by inflammation of the vein. Can be superficial (IV site) or deep.
S/sx of phlebitis?
Redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness, leg fatigue, pain, positive Homan’s sign, or may be asymptomatic.
Risks for thrombophlebitis?
Decreased muscle movement, venous stasis, reduced blood flow, dilated veins, faulty valves, venous wall injury, increased blood coagulation.
Complications of thrombophlebitis?
Venous insufficiency, varicose veins, recurring DVT, pulmonary embolism (most serious), post-thrombotic syndrome.
S/sx of pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain, SOB, tachypnea, restlessness, and anxiety.
How to diagnose thrombophlebitis?
D-dimer (>0.5), compression ultrasonography, Venous US.
What anticoagulants are used for thrombophlebitis?
Warfarin (Coumadin) oral, therapeutic INR is 2-3, antidote is vitamin K.
Heparin SQ or IV, check PTT levels, antidote is protamine sulfate.
Factor Xa inhibitors Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, edoxaban, enoxaparin (all oral except enoxaparin)
What causes cardiac valve disorders?
Congenital defects, rheumatic fever (spreads from strep throat), and infections. Left valves most commonly affected.
What is an echocardiogram?
It is an ultrasound to create pictures of the heart. It records all movement including valves and chambers in addition to heart size, shape, and position. Results used for ejection fraction.