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Cardio Sem 2 > Cardio Exam 1 > Flashcards

Cardio Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones that affect the heart?

A

Epi/Norepinephrine, Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide.

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2
Q

What is the function of epinephrine/norepinephrine on the heart?

A

Increases HR, force of contraction, cardiac output, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and dilates coronary vessels.

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3
Q

What is the function of aldosterone on the heart?

A

Regulates sodium and potassium and raises blood pressure by increased Na+ and water reabsorption.

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4
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the heart?

A

Increases excretion of Na+ by inhibiting secretion of aldosterone and loss of Na+ accompanied by loss which decreases blood volume and therefore decreases BP.

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5
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium (outermost), parietal pericardium (middle), and visceral pericardium or epicardium (innermost).

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6
Q

Where is fluid located in the layers of the heart?

A

Between the parietal and visceral layer. (Filled with serous fluid)

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7
Q

What is the order in which blood flows throughout the body?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, lungs (when oxygen/CO2 trans occurs), pulmonary VEIN, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve.

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8
Q

What valves are open/closed when the atria contracts?

A

AV open, Semilunar closed.

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9
Q

What valves are open/closed when the ventricles contracts?

A

AV closed, semilunar open.

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10
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

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11
Q

True or false, cardiac output can be effected by epinephrine?

A

True

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12
Q

What does an ejection fraction >70% indicate?

A

High function. (Few people will have this high.)

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13
Q

What does an ejection fraction of 55-70% indicate?

A

Normal function

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14
Q

What does an ejection fraction 40-55% of indicate?

A

Low function

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15
Q

What does an ejection fraction <40% indicate?

A

Possible heart failure

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16
Q

What is the conduction system pathway?

A

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker), internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his), bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

What is the function of arteries and arterioles in the vascular system?

A

To carry blood from the heart to capillaries. They have 3 layers.

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18
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the vascular system?

A

Carry blood from arterioles to venules. Continuation of the lining of the arteries and veins. One cell thick to permit exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products. (Last point is very important)

19
Q

What is the function of veins and venules in the vascular system?

A

Carry blood from capillaries to heart. Endothelium folds into valves to prevent back flow of blood.

20
Q

What effects does aging have on the cardiovascular system?

A

Aging of blood vessels (begin on childhood), atherosclerosis, thickening valves leading to heart murmur, risk for orthostatic hypotension, vein valves become incompetent, decreased HR, resting BP increase, conduction of cells is less effective.

21
Q

What does WHATS UP stand for?

A

Where is your pain? How does it feel? Aggravating/alleviating factors? Timing (how long it lasts, frequency)? Severity? Useful data for associated symptoms? Perception of your problem?

22
Q

Nursing inspection assessments for heart issues?

A

Inspect for SOB, cyanosis, edema, leg discoloration, JVD, capillary refill. Any visible pulsations or exaggerated lifts?

23
Q

Where can you palpate a pulse?

A

Carotid, radial, dorsalis pedis, femoral, popliteal.

24
Q

What do you do if the pulse is abnormal?

A

Auscultate an apical pulse for one full minute.

25
Q

Type of pulses?

A

Thready (disappears when pressure is applied), Bounding (strong and present when pressure is applied).

26
Q

What is the rating scale for pulses?

A

0 is absent
1+ weak, thready
2+Normal
3+ bounding

27
Q

How do you calculate a pulse deficit?

A

Comparing apical pulse to the radial pulse.

28
Q

What does S3 and S4 indicate?

A

S3 is a ventricle gallop. It may be normal in children (18 years and younger) but in adults can indicate an underlying condition. Only heard with the bell of the stethoscope.

S4 is a rare finding. Referred to as an atrial gallop.

29
Q

How does the SNS affect blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors become less sensitive with aging from prolonged increased in vessel pressure. Cannot stimulate vasodilation.

30
Q

What hormones affect BP during activation of RAAS?

A

Renin, ADH, Aldosterone

31
Q

What is the order of the RAAS system?

A

Decreased BP, RAAS activated, renin secreted, angiotensinogen splits from livers to angiotensin I, ACE comes from the lungs and converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, angiotensin II causes peripheral vasoconstriction and initiates the release of aldosterone.

32
Q

What is considered normal blood pressure?

A

Systolic <120, Diastolic <80

33
Q

What is an elevated BP?

A

Systolic 120-129, Diastolic <80

34
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension?

A

Systolic 130-139, Diastolic 80-89

35
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension?

A

Systolic greater than or equal to 140 , Diastolic greater than or equal to 90.

36
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

SBP - DBP

37
Q

How to calculate MAP?

A

SBP + 2(DBP)/3

38
Q

What is the normal MAP?

A

65-100

39
Q

What are modifiable risks of hypertension?

A

BGL, activity level, smoking, salt and alcohol intake, insufficient sleep, weight.

40
Q

Types of hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension, secondary hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, orthostatic hypotension.

41
Q

Contributing factors to primary hypertension?

A

Salt and alcohol intake, water/sodium retention, stress, insulin resistance, sedentary lifestyle, obesity.

42
Q

Secondary hypertension causes?

A

Known cause. Tumor of adrenal gland, coarctation of the aorta (narrowing), drugs (cocaine), endocrine disorders (hypertparathyroidism), neuro disorders, pregnancy, diabetic neuropathy, sleep apnea.

43
Q

What vital sign changes in Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

SBP decreased by 15 or greater. DBP drop or increase by greater than 10. HR increases by 20.

44
Q

What are considerations for taking a BP to diagnose orthostatic hypotension?

A

No eating or smoking 30m prior to reading.
Supine, lie for 5 min prior to reading.
Sitting, sit for 3 minutes
Stand, for 3 mins.

Cardio Sem 2 (3 decks)

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