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Physical Diagnosis II > Cardio/Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Cardio/Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart situated in related to costal cartilages

A

3rd - 6th

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2
Q

How is the heart position different in taller and smaller people?

A

Taller: vertically oriented and centrally

Smaller: horizontally oriented and more to the left

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3
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

Heart and stomach are to the right and liver to the left

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4
Q

What layer of the heart is responsible for pumping?

A

Myocardium

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5
Q

What is myocardium responsible for?

A

Pumping

Thick, muscular middle layer

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6
Q

What layer of the heart lines the chambers and covers the valves of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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7
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricle relaxation and atrial contraction that moves blood into ventricles

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8
Q

S1 sound

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves close
“Lubb” first heart sounds

AKA: atrioventricular (AV) valves

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9
Q

S2

A

“Dubb”

Aortic and pulmonic valves close

AKA: semilunar valves

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10
Q

Explain entire systole

A 
Ventricles contract
Mitral/tricuspid (AV valves) close (s1)
Pressure continues to rise
Aortic and pulmonic valves open (semilunar)
Pressure falls
Aortic and pulmonic valves close (s2)
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11
Q

Valves only make noise when?

A

When closing

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12
Q

S3

A

Blood moves from atria to ventricles

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13
Q

S4

A

Causes complete emptying of atria

Extra little “squirt”

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14
Q

Explain events of diastole

A

Mitral and tricuspid (AV) valves open
Blood moves from atria to ventricles (s3)
Ventricles dilate
Atria contract as ventricles are almost filled
Complete emptying of atria (s4)

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15
Q

Cycle slightly slower on ______ side of the heart aka _______

A

Right

Splitting

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16
Q

Heart has what type of electrical conduction system that enables heart to contract within itself

A

Intrinsic

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17
Q

P wave

A

Spread of stimulus through the atria

Ala atria depolarization

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18
Q

PR interval

A

Time from initial stimulation of the atria to initial stimulation of the ventricles

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19
Q

QRS complex

A

Spread of a stimulus through the ventricles

Aka depolarize

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20
Q

ST segment and T wave

A

Return of stimulated ventricular muscle to a resting state

Repolarization of ventricle

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21
Q

U wave

A

Small deflection after T wave related to repolarization of purkinje fibers

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22
Q

QT interval

A

Time elapsed from the onset of ventricular depolarization until the completion of ventricular repolarization

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23
Q

What is hidden within the QRS complex

A

Atrial repolarization

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24
Q

Changes in heart at birth

A
  1. Ductus arteriosus and interatrial foramen ovale close
  2. Right ventricle assumes pulmonary circulation
  3. Left ventricle assumes systemic circulation
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25
Q

Positioning of heart in children

A

More horizontally and apex is higher

Normal positioning by 7 years

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26
Q

4 changes in heart/blood in pregnant

A

Blood volume increases 40-50%
Cardiac output increases 30-40%
LV increases in thickness and mass
Heart shifts more horizontally

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27
Q

Changes in heart rate with elderly

A

Slows

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28
Q

Changes in stroke volume with elderly

A

Decreases

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29
Q

Cardiac output change with elderly

A

Declines 30-40%

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30
Q

Heart wall layer changes with elderly

A

Endocardium: thickens
Myocardium: less elastic

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31
Q

Related history: family history to heart issues that is pertinent

A
  • long QT syndrome
  • Marfan
  • diabetes
  • dyslipidemia
  • congenital heart defects
  • family members with cardiac risk factors
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32
Q

Indications of heart disease during pregnancy

A
  • progressive/severe dyspnea
  • progressive orthopnea
  • hemoptysis
  • syncope with exertion
  • chest pain related to effort or emotion
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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33
Q

Considerations if diagnosed with heart disease

A
  • drug reactions
  • potassium depletion
  • digitalis toxicity
  • ADLs capability
  • coping
  • orthostatic HoTN
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34
Q

What side should you stand on of the patient to examine the heart

A

Right

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35
Q

Apical impulse

A

Point of maximum impulse
@ 5th left intercostal space midclavicular line

May be visible in 4th

Should not be been in more than one IC space if heart healthy

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36
Q

Is it an issue is the apical impulse in absent from inspection?

A

No, unless you ausculate and sound is also faint

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37
Q

What is heave or lift?

A

If apical impulse is more vigorous than expected

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38
Q

What is a thrill

A

Fine, palpable, rushing VIBRATION, a PALPABLE MURMUR

Mc to feel at semilunar valves

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39
Q

What is the best way to judge the left ventricle size?

A

Location of apical impulse better judge than percussion

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40
Q

What direction does RV tend to enlarge?

A

AP diameter

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41
Q

Ausculate aortic valve

A

2nd right intercostal space on right eternal boarder

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42
Q

Ausculate pulmonic valve

A

Second left intercostal space of left sternal boarder

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43
Q

Ausculate eras point

A

Third left IC on left sternal boarder

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44
Q

Auscultate tricuspid

A

Fourth L IC on L sternal boarder

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45
Q

Auscultate mitral

A

5th IC space on midclavicular line

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46
Q

Which is longer—systole or diastole

A

Diastole

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47
Q

Characteristics of listening with diaphragm

A

High
Hard pressure
Regurgitation
S1/s2

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48
Q

Characteristics of listening with bell

A

Low
Light tough
Stenosis
S3/s4

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49
Q

S1 sound and best heard where

A

Closure of AV valves

@ apex of heart

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50
Q

What is splitting

A

In s2 usually aortic valve closes first due to higher pressure and hear “d-dump”

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51
Q

When does splitting occur

A

S2 during semilunar valve closure. Aortic closes first

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52
Q

Where is s2 sound best heard

A

2nd IC space

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53
Q

Can splitting occur in s1?

A

Yes, but tricuspid closes so quietly that probably cannot hear it

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54
Q

Gallops

A

If you can hear s1-s4 sounds

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55
Q

Mitral snaps

A

Mitral valve opens loudly due to thicker valve leaflets

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56
Q

Ejection clicks

A

Aortic/pulmonic valves open loudly

Due to dilated aorta or pulmonary artery

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57
Q

What are the two things that you can hear noises when valves open

A

Mitral snaps and ejection clicks

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58
Q

Mnemonic to remember diastole and systole heart murmurs

A

ARMS and PRTS

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59
Q

Irregular rhythm of heart in a repeated pattern may be indicative of what

A

Sinus dysrhythmia-a cyclic variation of the heart rate

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60
Q

Patternless, unpredictable, irregular rhythm may indicate what

A

Heart disease

Conduction system impairment such as A-fib

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61
Q

What may the liver be like in infant with heart function issues

A

Harder and lower. 5-6cm below rib cage

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62
Q

What are good things to identify quality of heart in infant

A

Vigor and quality

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63
Q

When are murmurs common in infants

A

First 48 hours

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64
Q

What may you see in children with long standing heart conditions

A

Bulging precordium

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65
Q

Are heart rates more variable in children or adults

A

Children

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66
Q

With an increase of one degree heart rate of a child increases how much

A

10-20 bpm

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67
Q

Murmurs in infants and children are result of what usually?

A

Congenital heart disease

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68
Q

What accounts for most acquired murmurs in children

A

Kawasaki disease

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69
Q

Changes in apical impulse in pregnant women

A

Shifts up and laterally 1-1.5cm

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70
Q

Changes in heart sounds of pregnant woman

A

Audible splitting of s1 and s2
S3 readily heard after 20 weeks of gestation
Systolic ejection murmurs (SEMs) heard over pulmonic area in 90% of women

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71
Q

What heart sound is more common to hear in older adults and what may it indicate

A

S4

Decreased left ventricular compliance

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72
Q

Mc cause of angina

A

Coronary artery disease

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73
Q

Stable angina

A

Predicable
On exertion
Disappears with rest/medication

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74
Q

Unstable angina

A

Occurs at rest
Unexpected
May not disappear with rest
Due to plaques or clots and narrowed arteries

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75
Q

Prinzmetal angina

A

At rest
Due to VASOSPASM of hearts arteries
Caused by stress, smoking, cocaine etc.
temporarily reduces blood flow

Like raynauds of the heart

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76
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Infection of endothelial layer of the heart that spreads through blood and attaches to damaged areas of heart.

Can destroy valves of heart

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77
Q

Who are most at risk for bacterial endocarditis

A

Congenital/acquired heart defects
Previous history
IC drug users
Poor dental health

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78
Q

S/s of bacterial endocarditis

A

FEVER
Fatigue
Sudden CHF
Murmur
Neurological dysfunction
Jane way lesion: small hemorrhagic maculae on palms and soles
-Osler nodes: tops of fingers and toes by septic emboli-tender

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79
Q

Janeway lesion. what and associated with what?

A

Small, erythematous or hemorrhagic maculae on palms and soles that tend to be painless

Bacterial endocarditis

80
Q

Osler nodes

A

On tops of fingers and toes by septic emboli that tend to be tender

Bacterial endocarditis

81
Q

Left sided CHF due to….

A

LV hypertrophy
damaged aortic or mitral valves
Toxic chemicals
Cardiomyopathy

82
Q

Systolic L CHF

A

LV cannot contract normally

Not enough force to pump enough blood to body

83
Q

Diastolic L CHF

A

LV cannot relax to fill properly

MC in elderly with diabetes

84
Q

s/s of L CHF

A 
JVD
Pulmonary edema
Tachycardia
Low systolic pulse pressure
Crackles on auscultation
Systolic CHF: narrow pulse pressure
Diastolic CHF: wide pulse pressure
85
Q

Right sided CHF due to

A

MC due to left sided CHF

  • C. Lung disease
  • Pulmonic stenosis
  • tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation
86
Q

Where is congestion with L CHF

A

Pulmonic circulation

87
Q

Where is congestion with R CHF

A

Systemic circulation

88
Q

S/s of R CHF

A

Peripheral edema especially worse at the end of the day or prolonged sitting

  • weight gain (ascites)
  • swelling in abdomen
  • LE pitting
  • JVD
89
Q

What causes pericarditis

A
  • idiopathic. Potentially viral infection
  • CA
  • HIV/AIDS
  • hypothyroidism
  • kidney failure
  • rheumatic fever
  • TB
  • Kawasaki disease
  • MI
  • heart surgery
  • medications
90
Q

S/s pericarditis

A

SHARP STABBING CHEST PAIN

  • pain worse with coughing, swallowing etc
  • relieved by SITTING UP/LEANING FORWARD
  • neck, back, left shoulder pain
  • DRY COUGH
91
Q

What can pericarditis progress to?

A

Pericardial effusion and pericardial tamponade

92
Q

Findings in pericarditis

A
  • TRIPHASIC FRICTION RUB
  • scratchy
  • grating
  • heard in 3rd-4th IC spaces during diastole
93
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Effusion fluids/blood between pericardium

94
Q

What causes cardiac tamponade

A

Pericarditis
Malignancy
Aortic dissection
Trauma

95
Q

S/s of cardiac tamponade

A 
Anxiety
Chest pain
Hard to breath
Syncope
Pale gray
Rapid breathing
Swelling of veins of abdomen, arms, or neck
-Becks triad ( JVD, HoTN, muffled heart sounds)
-weak, rapid pulse
96
Q

Becks triad

A

JVD
HoTN
Muffled heart sounds

97
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlarged of RV secondary to chronic lung disease

98
Q

Acute cor pulmonale

A

Right side of heart is dilated and fails

Due to massive PE and A. Resp. Distress syndrome

99
Q

Chronic cor pulmonale

A

Gradual hypertrophy or RV until failure due to COPD and pulmonary arterial HTN

100
Q

S/s of cor pulmonale

A 
Fatigue
Tachypnea
Exertional dyspnea
Cough
Hemoptysis
Light headed 
Syncope
101
Q

Exam findings of cor pulmonale

A 
Nasal flaring
Orthopnea
Retractions
Barrel chest
Shortness of breath
Wheezes/crackles
Labored breathing
Clubbing of fingernails
JVD
LE edema
Cyanosis
Left parasternal systolic heave
Loud exaggerated s2
102
Q

MI MC affects where in heart and is due to what?

A

LV

Atherosclerosis of coronary BV

103
Q

Exam findings in MI

A 
Dysrhythmias
S4 usually present
Distant heart sounds
Soft systolic blowing apical murmur
Thready/weak pulse
104
Q

Myocarditis causes what

A

Decreased ability of hearts ability to pump and causes rapid or abnormal heart rhythms

105
Q

What causes myocarditis

A

MC viral

106
Q

S/s of myocarditis

A 
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Fever
Palpitations
Chest pain
S/s of viral infection
Gallop rhythms
Tachycardia
Pulses alternans (alt. Strong and weak pulses due to s/w ventricle contractions)
107
Q

Tetralogy of fallout

A

DRIP or DAVeS PoS RV

Dextroposition of aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Interventricular septal defect
Pulmonic stenosis

In infants and children

108
Q

S/s of tetralogy of fallot

A 
Poor growth
Exercise intolerance
Tet spell (dyspnea when feeding, LOC< central cyanosis)
Parasternal heave
Systolic ejection murmur
Clubbing
109
Q

What is “tet” spell and associated with?>

A

Tetralogy of fallot

Dyspnea when feeding
LOC
Central cyanosis

Due to rapid drop of 02 when feeding usually

110
Q

Exam findings with ventricular septal defect and chance it’ll close

A

30-50% close within first 2 years

Arterial pulse small
holosystolic murmur (aka all of systole) loud coarse, high-pitched best along left sternal boarder
111
Q

What does ductus arteriosis connect in infant

A

Connects aorta and pulmonary artery to bypass lungs in uterus

112
Q

S/s of patent ductus arteriosus

A 
Dyspnea on exertion
Fast breathing
Rapid pulse
Short breath
Tire easily
Poor growth
Dilated pulsation neck vessels
Wide pulse pressure 
MACHIENE LIKE QUALITY murmurs
113
Q

Acute rheumatic fever

A

Untreated strep
MC in 5-15 years
Mitral or aortic valve damage

114
Q

S/s of rheumatic fever

A

Fever
Swollen elbows, wrists knees, ankles
Painless rash with pink margins and pale centers
Chest pain
Palpitations
Aimless jerky movements (Sydenham chorea or St. Vitus’ dance)

115
Q

Exam of acute rheumatic fever findings

A 
Murmurs of mitral regurgitation and aortic insufficiency 
Cardiomegaly
Friction rub
Signs of CHF
Onset: 2-4 weeks post strep
116
Q

Insufficieny of valve aka

A

Regurgitation

117
Q

S/s of mitral regurgition/insufficiency

A 
High pitched PANSYSTOLIC murmur radiating to axilla
-May have 3rd heart sound
Shortness of breath
Pulmonary edema
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
118
Q

Senile cardiac amyloidosis

A

Amyloid protein deposition in the heart due to chronic inflammation or neoplastic disease. Causes “stiff heart” syndrome

119
Q

S/s of senile cardiac anyloidosis

A 
Pleural effusion
Arrhythmia
LE edema
Dilated neck veins
Hepatomegaly or ascites
Thickened LV
Fatigue
Decreased activity tolerance
120
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Regular uniform atrial contractions in excess of 200 bpm

Multiple P waves for each QRS

“Saw tooth appearance” on ECG

121
Q

A-fib

A

Conduction system malfunction causing quivering rapid heartbeats

“Fluttering” in chest and shortness of breath

122
Q

Sinus bradycardia

A

Slow but normal ECG

<60bpm

123
Q

Heart block

A

Electrical signal of heart is slowed or signal prevented due to MI (MC), heart disease, cardiomyopathy, drugs

3 categories

124
Q

First degree heart block

A

Conduction still there but slow

Prolonged PR interval. Longer than .20 seconds

Usually considered bending/asymptomatic

125
Q

Second degree heart blocks

A

Conduction not always there but then comes back

PR interval increases with each beat until a QRS is missed

Due to conduction block at the level of the AV node

126
Q

Third degree heart block

A

No conduction

None of the P-waves are conducted to the AV nodes

127
Q

Akas for second degree heart block

A

Mobitz type 1 and wenckenbachs

128
Q

What is second degree heartblock due to

A

Conduction block at the level of the AV nodes

129
Q

What is seen on an ECG in second degree heart block

A

PR interval increases until a QRS complex is missed

130
Q

Type 2 aka mobitz type two heart block

A

Sporadically some electrical signals don’t reach the ventricles giving an irregular pattern

PR interval is consistent before QRS block disappears.

131
Q

Which heart blocks require pacemakers

A

Type 2 2nds degree and 3rd degree

132
Q

SVT (supraventricular tachycardia)

A

Abnormally fast heart rate with narrow QRS complexes

133
Q

What causes supraventricular tachycardia

A

Arrhythmia start originate at or above the AV node

134
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Rapid, regulars heartbeat >200bpm

135
Q

Where is the source of beat in ventricular tachycardia

A

Somewhere in the ventricles (NOT SA or AV nodes)

136
Q

V-fib

A

Quivering of ventricles

MOST SERIOUS CARDIAC RHYTHM DISTURBANCE

137
Q

ST segment elevation

A

Indicates acute MI

138
Q

Sick sinus syndrome

A

Group of arrhythmias caused by malfunction of sinus node
SA signals are abnormally paced
Requires pacemaker

139
Q

The activity of the right side of the heart is transmitted back through what?

A

Jugular veins as a pulse that can only be visualized

140
Q

What are the five identifiable components in jugular vein

A

A, c, v wave and x and y slope

141
Q

A wave

A

Brief backflow of blood into vena cava during right atrial contraction

142
Q

C wave

A

Impulse from closure of tricuspid valve during ventricular systole

143
Q

V wave

A

Increased volume and pressure in right atrium

144
Q

X slope

A

Caused by passive atrial filling

145
Q

Y slope

A

Reflects open tricuspid valve and rapid filling of ventricle

146
Q

When does ductus arteriosis close?

A

12-14 hours

147
Q

BP changes in pregnancy women

A

DECREASES
Lowest in 2ns trimester

Resistance decreases
Vasodilation occurs

Enlarged uterus causes impaired venous return and HoTN, varicosities in les and hemorrhoids

148
Q

Resistance changes in elderly

A

Lose elasticity that causes increased peripheral vascular resistance and elevates BP

149
Q

Types of Claudication

A

Vascular and neurogenic

150
Q

Vascular claudication

A

Pain due to vascular angina of calf that causes decreased flow and leads to pain.

VERY PREDICTABLE
Due to atherosclerosis

151
Q

Neurogenic claudication

A

Nerve problem causing pain
MC starts with low back due to DJD—> canal stenosis—> N. Inpindment
Unpredictable

LEADING FORWARD helps

152
Q

If femoral pulse absent what is is most indicative of?

A

Peripheral artery disease

153
Q

S/s of claudication

A

Dull aches
Muscle fatigue/cramps

Site of pain is distal to the narrowing

154
Q

When may Jugular pulse not be evident

A

Severe right heart failure
Volume depletion
Obesity

155
Q

A value of what or lower is expected for jugular venous pressure?

A

4cm of less

156
Q

What is suspected if jugular venous pressure is higher than 4cm

A 
Right-sided heart failure
Fluid volume overload
Constrictive pericarditis
Tricuspid stenosis
SVC obstruction if higher
157
Q

Hepatojugular reflex exaggerated during

And positive reflex

A

Right sided heart failure

When pressure on epigastric region JVP elevates, when pressure released JVP should decrease immediately. If slowly, it’s positive.

158
Q

Where should the peripheral vein test be at when normal?

A

Should come to level that is identical to JVP earlier

159
Q

Holman sign

A

Calf pain with passive dorsiflexion of foot

If negative, it cannot rule out

160
Q

Grading edema in peripheral venous obstruction

A

1: slight pitting, no distortion, disappears quick
2: deeper pitting but no distortion. Disappears 10-15 seconds
3: deep pit lasting more than a minute and extremity looks fuller/swollen
4: very deep pit lasting 2-5 minutes and very distorted

161
Q

Unilateral edema/pitting indicative of? Bilateral?

A

DVT

CHF

162
Q

How to tell impompetent varicose veins from competent

A

Have patient stand on toes 10 times to increase palpable pressure. If competent dilation will disappear. Varicosities will remain dilated

163
Q

Venous hum

A

Common in children
Caused by turbulence of blood flow in internal jugular vein

It’s a continuous low-pitched sound loud during diastole

164
Q

What changes in regard to waves/slopes with pregnancy and JVP

A

A and v waves easier to see due to increasing blood volume

JVP normal

165
Q

Pulses harder to feel in elderly

A

Dorsal pedis and posterior tibial pulses

166
Q

Temporal arteritis aka? And what?

A

Giant cell arteritis
Inflammatory disease of branches of aortic arch and temporal arteries

Causes arterial wall thickening and thrombosis that decreases blood supply causing tongue pain and jaw claudication

167
Q

What can temporal arteritis lead to?

A

Stroke and blindness

168
Q

S/s temporal arteritis

A 
Flu-like s/s
Polymyalgia (hip/shoulders)
HA
SCALP TENDERNESS
Vision loss
Red, swollen, modular, 
Temp. Pulse varies
169
Q

Arterial aneurysm

A

1.5x dilation of normal artery width due to weakness of wall

MC in aorta

170
Q

Risk factors for arterial aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis
Tobacco
Increased BP
4x Men

171
Q

S/s arterial aneurysm

A 
asymptomatic until dissection (tearing)
Pulsation swelling along artery
Thrill/bruit
low back pain
Deep abdominal pain
172
Q

What size is considered a AAA? ER emergency?

A

3cm

5cm

173
Q

Arteriovenous fistula

A

Communication between artery and vein that may cause artery to vein shunting

MC in legs but anywhere
May lead to aneurysmal dilation

174
Q

S/s of AV fistula

A

LE edema
Varicose veins
Claudication
Continuous bruit over fistula

175
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A

Stenosis of blood supply to extremities due to plaques

176
Q

Risk factors for PAD

A

Diabetes
HTN
Dyslipidemia
Tobacco

177
Q

PAD leads to increased risk of what

A

Stoke

CV events

178
Q

S/s of PAD

A

Pain in muscle post exertion that’s PREDICTABLE
Healthy appearing limb with weak/absent pulses
Cold/numb skin
Ulceration in severe cases
Muscle atrophy

RECALL NO FEMORAL PULSE

179
Q

Arterial emboli disease

A

A-fib can lead to clot formation in arterial that is dispersed through arterial system

Emboli can also be formed by plaques or infection material

Emboli: EVERYthing that can cause block

180
Q

S/s of arterial emboli disease

A

Pain
Parestesias
Occlusion of small arteries and necrosis: blood toe syndrome
With endocarditis: splinter hemorrhages in nail beds

181
Q

What is blood toes syndrome and what’s it associated with?

A

Due to small artery occlusion that causes necrosis in toes

Arterial embolic disease

182
Q

Venous thrombosis s/s

A 
Tenderness in area
PE w/o warning
Ankle edema
Low fever
Tachycardia
Holman sign** —> ultrasound
183
Q

Risk factors for venous thrombus

A 
Obesity
Under 30 on BC
Smoking
Post-menopause hormone replacement therapy
Sickle-cell
184
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Stenosis MC at descending aortic arch (after 3 branches) that may cause heart failure

185
Q

Where is coarctation of aorta if vascular insufficiency of UE seen? Exam findings?

A

After brachiocephalic branch (aka after first branch)

Differences in BP of arms

186
Q

Where is coarctation of aorta if differences between systolic BP in arm and leg?

A

Descending aorta after 3 branches (ie sublavcian)

187
Q

Describe pulse difference in femoral and radial in coarctation of aorta

A

Femoral pulses weaker than radial or absent

188
Q

Kawasaki disease

A

Acute small vessel vasculitic illness MC in young males

Causes immune-mediated vessel damage that leads to vascular stenosis and aneurysm formation

189
Q

What is the biggest concern with Kawasaki disease?

A

Aneurysms of coronary artery may develop due to BV damage

190
Q

S/s of Kawasaki disease

A 
Fever
Conjunctival infection
STRAWBERRY TONGUE
Edema or hands and feet
Lymphadenopathy
191
Q

Preeclampsia-eclampsia

A

HTN after 20th week of pregnancy and presence of proteinuria

Eclampsia is preeclampsia with seizures that are idiopathic

Sustained BP of > 160/110

192
Q

Treatment of preeclampsia-eclampsia

A

Delivery of baby

193
Q

S/s of preeclampsia

A

HA
Dizzy/nausea
Visual disturbances

194
Q

Venous ulcers

A

Due to chronic venous insufficiency that lack of venous flow leads to LE HTN

Due to: incompetent valves, obstruction or loss of pumping effect of leg muscles

195
Q

What cause venous ulcers

A

Obstruction
Incompetent values
Lack of pumping effect of leg muscles

196
Q

S/s of venous ulcers and who is MC to get them?

A

Elderly

  • heavy legs that progress to edema/ulceration
  • hyperpigmentation common

MAKE SURE YOU LOOK AT PT.

With static’s dermatitis

Physical Diagnosis II (6 decks)

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