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Pediatrics NOTES > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanotic heart defects

A

The 5 T’s that have right-to-left shunts

Truncus arteriosus = ONE arterial vessel overriding ventricles

Transposition of the great vessels = TWO arteries switched

Tricuspid atresia (THREE)

Tetralogy of Fallot (FOUR)

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return = FIVE words

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2
Q

presents with severe cyanosis within the first few hours of life.

A

Transposition of great arteries

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3
Q

Noncyanotic heart defects—

The 3 D’s

A

VSD

ASD

PDA

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4
Q

Down syndrome heart defects

A

ASD

Endocardial cushion defects

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5
Q

Congenital rubella heart defect

A

PDA

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6
Q

Turner’s syndrome heart defect

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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7
Q

Coronary artery aneurysms associated disease

A

Kawasaki disease

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8
Q

Associated with maternal lithium use

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

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9
Q

Neonatal lupus is associated with this heart problem

A

Congenital heart block

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10
Q

Neonatal thyrotoxicosis effect

A

Heart failure

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11
Q

Heart diseases of newborn associated with maternal diabetes

A

TGA

Asymmetric septal hyper trophy

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12
Q

Suprvalvular aortic stenosis seen in

A

William’s disease

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13
Q

most common cause of congenital heart disease.

A

VSD

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14
Q

Small versus large VSD

A

Small
-harsh holosystolic murmur

Large
-frequent respiratory infections, dyspnea, FTT, and CHF

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15
Q

Surgical indications of VSD

A
  1. symptomatic patients who fail medical management

2. children

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16
Q

VSD ECG

A

ECG: LVH and may show both LVH and RVH with larger VSD

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17
Q

Heart defect that has a fixed, widely split S2

A

ASD

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18
Q

Examination reveals a right ventricular heave; a wide and fixed, split S2; and a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border (from ↑ flow across the pulmonary valve). There may also be a mid-diastolic rumble at the left lower sternal border.

A

ASD

19
Q

ASD ECG ABD CXR findings

A

ECG may show RVH and right atrial enlargement. PR prolongation is common.
CXR reveals cardiomegaly and ↑ pulmonary vascular markings.

20
Q

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close in the first few days of life, leading to an acyanotic left-to-right shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. Risk factors include maternal first-trimester rubella infection, prematurity, and female gender

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

21
Q

In infants presenting in a shocklike state within the first few weeks of life, look for:

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Inborn errors of metabolism
  3. Ductal-dependent congenital heart disease, usually left-sided lesions (as the ductus is closing)
  4. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
22
Q

Examination reveals a continuous “machinery murmur” at the second left intercostal space at the sternal border, a loud S2, wide pulse pressure, and bounding peripheral pulses.

A

patent Ductus arteriosus

23
Q

Indomethacin is to ____ Pda

A

Come IN and CLOSE the door: give INdomethacin to CLOSE a PDA.

24
Q

Constriction of a portion of the aorta, leading to ↑ flow proximal to and ↓ flow distal to the coarctation.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

25
Q

Most common site of coarctation

A

Occurs just below the left subclavian artery in 98% of patients

26
Q

More than two-thirds of patients have a bicuspid aortic valve.

A

Coarctation

27
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

The condition is associated with Turner’s syndrome, berry aneurysms, and male gender.

28
Q

Heart defects that require a patent PDA for survival

A

transposition of the great vessels
tetralogy of Fallot
hypoplastic left heart
Critical coarctation

29
Q

Differential cyanosis may be seen with lower O₂ saturation in the left arm and lower extremities (postductal areas) as compared to the right arm (preductal area).

A

Coarctation of the aorta

30
Q

CXR and ECG of coarctation

A

LVH on ECG
the “3” sign on CXR due to pre- and postdilatation of the coarctation segment with aortic wall indentation
“rib notching” due to collateral circulation through the intercostal arteries

31
Q

Without a septal defect (ASD or VSD) and a PDA, it is incompatible with life

The most common cyanotic congenital heart lesion in the newborn

A

TGA

32
Q

Examination reveals tachypnea, progressive hypoxemia, and extreme cyanosis. Some patients have signs of CHF, and a single loud S2 is often present. There may not be a murmur if no VSD is present. If a VSD is present, a systolic murmur may be heard at the left sternal border.

A

TGA

33
Q

DiGeorge syndrome—

CATCH 22

A

Cardiac abnormalities (transposition)

Abnormal facies

Thymic aplasia

Cleft palate

Hypocalcemia

22q11 deletion

34
Q

CXR may show a narrow heart base, absence of the main pulmonary artery segment, an “egg-shaped silhouette,” and ↑ pulmonary vascular markings

A

TGA

35
Q

__________ is the most common cyanotic heart disease of newborns
__________ is the most common cyanotic heart disease of childhood

A

TGA

TOF

36
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot components

A

Consists of pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH, and VSD

37
Q

Children often squat for relief during hypoxemic episodes called “tet spells,” which ↑ systemic vascular resistance.

A

TOF

38
Q

CXR shows a “boot-shaped” heart with ↓ pulmonary vascular markings. Remember that a VSD may result in ↑ pulmonary vascular markings.
ECG shows right-axis deviation and RVH.

A

TOF

39
Q

Treat hypercyanotic “tet spells” with

A

O₂, propranolol, phenylephrine, the knee-chest position, fluids, and morphine.

40
Q

Infants with FTT will first fall off of the ______ curve, then the ______ curve, and finally the _______ curve.

A

Infants with FTT will first fall off of the weight curve, then the height curve, and finally the head circumference curve.

41
Q

Order of sexual development in a female

A

Thelarche
Pubarche
Growth spurt
Menarche

42
Q

Precocious puberty in males

In females

A

8

9

43
Q

Delayed puberty boys

Girls

A

14

13

44
Q

Pattern of sexual development in males

A

Gonadarche
Pubarche
Adrenarche
Growth spurt

Pediatrics NOTES (10 decks)

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