Cardio

Question 1

2 causes of aortic stenosis

Answer 1

Calcification, bicuspid valve

Question 2

Features on examination for aortic stenosis

Answer 2

Ejection systolic murmur radiating to carotids.
Narrow pulse pressure.
Slow rising pulse.
R) parasternal thrill
Heaving non-displaced apex beat

Question 3

Main cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 3

Rheumatic fever

Question 4

Features of mitral stenosis

Answer 4

Tapping apex beat.
Grumbling diastolic murmur.
Opening snap.
Mitral facies.
LA dilatation --> AF --> stroke

Question 5

3 causes of aortic regurgitation

Answer 5

Infective endocarditis.
Marfans + other connective tissue
aortic dissection
syphilis

Question 6

Features of AR

Answer 6

Early diastolic decrescendo murmur
Displaced apex
Widened PP
Collapsing pulse

Question 7

3 causes of mitral regurgitation

Answer 7

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Post-MI: ruptured papillary muscles
Ruptured chordae tendinae
Mitral valve prolapse (Marfans)

Question 8

2 main causes of tricuspid regurg

Answer 8

COPD

IVDU - IE

Question 9

Features of tricuspid regurg

Answer 9

Pansystolic murmur

Signs of RHF: oedema, hepatosplenomegaly, tender liver, jaundice

Question 10

Treatment of chronic heart failure

Answer 10

Frusemide; ACEI; Beta blockers; GTN

Question 11

Treatment of acute heart failure

Answer 11

Frusemide, O2, upright positioning, GTN, CPAP

Question 12

Treatment of HTN with recent AMI

Answer 12

Beta blockers

Question 13

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, systolic murmur, double apex beat

Answer 13

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 14

Features of acute pericarditis

Answer 14

Chest pain worse on inhalation, better leaning forward.
Pericardial friction rub
Saddle-shape ST elevation in all ECG leads
Pericardial effusion.

Question 15

Features of pericardial effusion

Answer 15

Muffled heart sounds
Kussmauls sign
Hypotension, tachycardia
Electrical alternans; low voltage QRS ECG
Elevated JVP