Cardio 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of cardiovascular disease?
any disorder of the heart of blood vessels
What is included in atherosclerotic disease?
Coronary artery disease
Stroke
Aortic aneurysm
Peripheral vascular disease
What is athero?
artery
What is sclerosis?
hardening
Coronary artery disease includes:
Acute coronary syndrome (CCD)
Angina
What is the leading cause of ischemic heart disease?
coronary artery disease (CAD)
CAD is the result of __ in coronary vessels leading to myocardial oxygen supply/demand mismatch
atherosclerotic plaques
What is ischemia?
deficiency of blood supply
What is infarct?
Complete cut off of blood supply leading to cell death
Clinical ASCVD includes:
Stroke, TIA
Carotid artery stenosis
Peripheral vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Atherosclerosis is a result of __ cell dysfunction, inflammation, and an increase in __
endothelial cell
lipoproteins
Plaques generally develop in the __, or the innermost layer of the arterial wall
intima
What are unmodifiable risk factors for CAD?
age
sex
family history
genetics
What are modifiable risk factors for CAD?
smoking
comorbidities (HTN, HLD, DM)
obesity
stress
sedentary lifestyle
Ischemia and angina result from a(n) INCREASE/DECREASE in oxygen demand and a(n) INCREASE/DECREASE in oxygen supply
increase in demand
decrease in supply
What are common causes of ischemia?
atherosclerotic plaque**
emboli
vasospasm
trauma
hypoxia
hypotension
medications
What is included in Acute Coronary Syndrome?
STEMI
NSTEMI
Unstable angina
What is included in Chronic Coronary Disease?
Chronic stable angina
How does the heart adapt to lack of oxygen? Can it adapt acutely?
Cannot adapt acutely
Extracts more oxygen from hemoglobin in RBCs
Collateral circulation (new coronary vessel formation around blockage)
An increase in what requires an increase in coronary flow to maintain adequate oxygen supply to the heart and leads to angina?
heart rate
myocardial contractility
myocardial wall tension
The __ of the arterial lumen determines the reduction of blood flow
diameter
Coronary plaques occupying 50-70% of the lumen are usually considered __
non-obstructive
Coronary plaques occupying 70% or more of the lumen are considered __
obstructive
Coronary plaques occupying 90% or more of the lumen are considered __
critical stenosis