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Cardiopulmonary > Cardio 1B > Flashcards

Cardio 1B Flashcards

1
Q

Define acute pericarditis?

A

Accute inflammation of the pericardium (< 2weeks)

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2
Q

What are some common causes of pericarditis?

A

Viral, bacterial, or fungal infection/ autoimmune diseases RA or SLE/ trauma/ drug toxicity

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3
Q

What are the manifestations of pericarditis?

A

Triad of chest pain (abrupt, precordial, sharp) friction rub (rubbing and friction between the inflamed pericardial surfaces) and ECG changes

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4
Q

What are two things the pericardial sac doesn’t tolerate?

A

Sudden increase in heart size or amount of fluid in pericardial sac

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5
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of excess fluid (exudate) in the pericardial sac

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6
Q

What characteristics determine the effect pericardial effusion has on cardiac function?

A
  • Amount of fluid
  • The rapidity with which the fluid accumulates
  • Elasticity of the pericardium
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7
Q

What are some of the effect of pericardial effusion?

A
  • Fluid compresses heart wall
  • Heart cannot expand to fill
  • Backup into the systemic circulation
  • Decreased blood flow to the lungs
  • Decreased output to body
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8
Q

What are the causes of serous pericarditis?

A
  • Systemic lupus
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Viral infections
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9
Q

What is characteristic of serous pericarditis?

A

Clear, straw-colored, protein rich exudate containing inflammatory cells

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10
Q

What is characteristic of fibrinous pericarditis?

A

Fibrin rich exudate

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11
Q

What causes fibrinous pericarditis?

A

Uremia, myocardial infarction, acute rheumatic fever

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12
Q

What is characteristic of purulent pericarditis?

A

Glossy cloudy exudate (almost always caused by bacterial infection)

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13
Q

What is characteristic of hemorrhagic pericarditis?

A

Bloody exudate usually caused by tumor invasion of the pericardium but can result from TB or bacterial infection

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14
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

An increase in pericardial sac pressure caused by the accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericarduial sac

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15
Q

What are the effects of cardiac tamponade?

A
  • Reduced ventricular filling

- Hemodynamic compromise

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16
Q

What is used to treat cardiac tamponade?

A

Pericardiocentesis (subxiphoid approach or parasternal approach)

17
Q

What are the two major forms of myocardial disease?

A

Myocarditis and primary cardiomyopathies

18
Q

Define Myocarditis?

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle (and conduction system) without evidence of myocardial infarction

19
Q

How does myocarditis present itself?

A

Myocardium becomes thick and swollen biventricular heart failure in young persons who don’t have valvular, rheumatic, or congenital disease

20
Q

What are the causes of myocarditis?

A
  • # 1 Viral infection
  • Drug toxicity (cocaine)
  • Autoimmune diseases
21
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

-Non inflammatory disease not associated with hypertension, congenital heart disease, valvular disease, or coronary artery disease

22
Q

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

23
Q

What are the characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Progressive hypertrophy
  • Dilation
  • Impaired pumping in one or both ventricles
  • Mural thrombi are common and could lead to thromboemboli
24
Q

What is a thromboemboli?

A

Mobile blood clot

25
Q

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Idiopathic (unknown), infectious myocarditis, alcohol

26
Q

What is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Impaired diastolic ventricular filling
  • Often autosomal dominant inheritance
27
Q

What is the least common of then cardiomyopathies?

A

-Restrictive cardiomyopathy

28
Q

What is characteristic of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Restricted ventricular filling

- Excessive rigidity and stiffness of the ventricular wall

29
Q

What is infective endocarditis caused by?

A

Bacterial infection

30
Q

What are the 2 independent factors normally required to develop infective endocarditis?

A
  • Damaged endocardial surface (valvular disease, prosthetic heart valves, congenital heart defect)
  • Portal of entry (organism must gain access to vasculature: oral lesion, upper respiratory tract infection, skin lesion, dental procedure)
  • Can develop in IV drug users
31
Q

What are the characteristics of infective endocarditis?

A
  • Large, soft, friable, easily detached vegetations consisting of fibrin and intermeshed inflammatory cells and bacteria
  • May cause ulceration, often with perforation, of the valve cusps or rupture of one of the chordae tendineae
  • Mitral valve is frequently involved
32
Q

Where can embolisms occur?

A

Anywhere in the body

33
Q

What is the primary antibiotic used to prevent endocarditis?

A

-Amoxicilin

34
Q

What drugs can be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin?

A
  • Cephalexin
  • Azithromycin
  • Clarithromycin

Cardiopulmonary (11 decks)

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