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Cardiopulmonary > Cardio 1A > Flashcards

Cardio 1A Flashcards

1
Q

What fraction of the hearts mass is found to the left of the midline?

A

2/3

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2
Q

What is the membrane that encases the heart?

A

Pericardial sac or pericardium

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3
Q

What forms the apex of the heart?

A

The bottom tip of the left atrium

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4
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

At approximately the 2nd costal cartilage

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5
Q

What does the anterior surface of the heat mainly consist of?

A

Right ventricle

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6
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood and is it oxygenated or not?

A

Coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. The blood is deoxygenated.

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7
Q

Where does the blood from the right ventricle go?

A

Lungs

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8
Q

Where does blood from the left ventricle go?

A

The body (systemic circulation)

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9
Q

What separates the right and left atria?

A

The interatrial septum

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10
Q

What is formed where the foramen ovale was in fetal circulation?

A

Fossa ovalis

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11
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

A

In the interatrial septum

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12
Q

What is it called when the foramen ovale doesn’t close?

A

Patent foramen ovale

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13
Q

What is the term used to describe an interatrial septum that fails to form properly?

A

Atrial septal defect

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14
Q

What is the most common CONGENITAL cardiac abnormality? What percentage of children have this?

A

Ventricular septal defect 30-60%

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15
Q

How can a septal defect occur in adults?

A

After a heart attack (MI) before scar tissue forms in dead tissue (due to macrophage remodeling)

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16
Q

What pressure must be overcome in order to pump blood?

A

Pulmonic and aortic pressure

17
Q

How much does each ventricle hold EDV when full?

A

150 ml

18
Q

How much blood is normally ejected from the ventricles with each contraction? What is this amount called?

A

70-80 ml Stroke volume (SV)

19
Q

What is the ejection fracture and how is it found?

A

The percentage of blood that is emptied from the ventricles. SV/EDVX100

20
Q

What are the layers of the heart moving inside to outside?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (visceral pericardium), pericardial space (normally fluid filled), parietal pericardium

21
Q

What parts of the heart are covered by endocardium?

A

Chambers, valves, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscles

22
Q

Is the heart capable of hyperplasia?

A

No only hypertrophy (enlargement of heart cells) not capable of regeneration (hyperplasia)

23
Q

What is the cause of hypertrophy?

A

Hypertension

24
Q

What are the consequences of hypertrophy?

A

Heart wall becomes rigid and less elastic and EDV and SV decrease

25
Q

What are the characteristics of heart muscle?

A

Cylindrical branching cells, single central nucleus, intercalated discs.

26
Q

What four things are contained in the epicardium?

A

Blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, and epicardial fat

27
Q

What percentage of the heart is covered in epicardial fat and what percentage of the weight of the heart does this fat make up?

A

60-80% of heart covered in fat and constitutes 20% of hearts weight

28
Q

Where is heart fat located?

A

Along coronary arteries, right ventricle (right border), anterior surface at the apex

29
Q

What is the purpose of fat around the heart?

A

Provides fatty acids to cardiac muscle as local energy source in times of high demand

30
Q

Where is the pericardial space or cavity?

A

Between the parietal and visceral pericardial layer

31
Q

How much fluid is normally in the pericardial space?

A

10 ml

32
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located and which valves are they?

A

Located between the atria and ventricles

The tricuspid and the mitral valves

33
Q

How many leaflets are there in the tricuspid valve? How does it differ from the mitral valve?

A

3; it is thinner and larger in diameter

34
Q

How many cups does the mitral (bicuspid) valve have? How else does it differ from the tricuspid valve?

A

2; it is thicker and smaller in diameter

35
Q

What keeps the AV valves from being blown upward into the atria?

A

Chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) which attach to the cusps of the valve and originate in the papillary muscles

36
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

They contract when the ventricles contract and pull the cusps of the valves toward the ventricles (prevents bulging too far towards the atria

37
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

A

3 shaped like half moons; prevent blood flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries back into the ventricles

38
Q

What produces the first heart sound?

A

Closing of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

39
Q

What produces the second heart sound?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic)

Cardiopulmonary (11 decks)

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