Cardio Flashcards
Classic ECG finding in atrial flutter.
“Sawtooth” P waves.
Definition of unstable angina.
Angina that is new, is worsening, or occurs at rest.
Antihypertensive for a diabetic patient with proteinuria.
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ACEI
Beck’s triad for cardiac tamponade.
Hypotension, distant heart sounds, and JVD.
Drugs that slow heart rate.
β-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), digoxin, amiodarone.
Hypercholesterolemia treatment that leads to flushing and pruritus.
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Niacin
Murmur—hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
A systolic ejection murmur heard along the lateral sternal border that ↑ with ↓ preload (Valsalva maneuver).
Murmur—aortic insufficiency.
Austin Flint murmur, a diastolic, decrescendo, low-pitched, blowing murmur that is best heard sitting up; ↑ with ↑ afterload (handgrip maneuver).
Murmur—aortic stenosis.
A systolic crescendo/decrescendo murmur that radiates to the neck; ↑ with ↑ preload (squatting maneuver).
Murmur—mitral regurgitation.
A holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla; ↑ with ↑ afterload (handgrip maneuver)
Murmur—mitral stenosis.
A diastolic, mid- to late, low-pitched murmur preceded by an opening snap.
Treatment for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
If unstable, cardiovert. If stable or chronic, rate control with CCBs or β-blockers.
Treatment for ventricular fibrillation.
Immediate cardioversion.
Dressler’s syndrome.
An autoimmune reaction with fever, pericarditis, and ↑ ESR occurring 2–4 weeks post-MI.
IV drug use with JVD and a holosystolic murmur at the left sternal border. Treatment?
Treat existing heart failure and replace the tricuspid valve.
Diagnostic test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Echocardiogram (showing a thickened left ventricular wall and outflow obstruction).
Pulsus paradoxus.
A ↓ in systolic BP of > 10 mm Hg with inspiration; seen in cardiac tamponade.
Classic ECG findings in pericarditis.
Low-voltage, diffuse ST-segment elevation.
Definition of hypertension.
BP > 140/90 mm Hg on 3 separate occasions 2 weeks apart.
Eight surgically correctable causes of hypertension.
Renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, Conn’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, unilateral renal parenchymal disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism.
Evaluation of a pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit.
Abdominal ultrasound and CT.
Indications for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured.
Treatment for acute coronary syndrome.
ASA, heparin, clopidogrel, morphine, O2, sublingual nitroglycerin, IV β-blockers.
Metabolic syndrome.
Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory states.
Appropriate diagnostic test?
n A 50-year-old man with stable angina can exercise to 85% of
maximum predicted heart rate.
n A 65-year-old woman with left bundle branch block and severe
osteoarthritis has unstable angina.
Exercise stress treadmill with ECG.
Pharmacologic stress test (eg, dobutamine echo).
Target LDL in a patient with diabetes.
< 70 mg/dL.
Signs of active ischemia during stress testing.
Angina, ST-segment changes on ECG, or ↓ BP.
ECG findings suggesting MI.
ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia), flattened T waves, and Q waves.
Coronary territories in MI.
Anterior wall (LAD/diagonal), inferior (PDA), posterior (left circumflex/oblique, RCA/marginal), septum (LAD/diagon
A young patient with angina at rest and ST-segment elevation with normal cardiac enzymes.
Prinzmetal’s angina.
Common symptoms associated with silent Mls.
CHF, shock, and altered mental status.
Diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism (PE).
Spiral CT with contrast.
Protamine.
Reverses the effects of heparin.
Prothrombin time.
The coagulation parameter affected by warfarin.
A young patient with a family history of sudden death collapses and dies while exercising.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Endocarditis prophylaxis regimens.
Oral surgery—amoxicillin for certain situations; GI or GU procedures— not recommended.
Virchow’s triad.
Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage.
The most common cause of hypertension in young women.
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OCPs
The most common cause of hypertension in young men.
Excessive EtOH.
Figure 3 sign.
Aortic coarctation.
Water-bottle-shaped heart.
Pericardial effusion. Look for pulsus paradoxus.
