Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 1c > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

hypertension variants

A

masked
white coat
isolated systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

clinical features of hypertension

A

asymptomatic
headaches
dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision
strong bounding pulse
flushed
underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypertension IX

A

history and physical exam
look for signs of target organ damage
electrolytes (HTN meds can alter these so collect baseline stats)
renal function tests
TSH - screen for hyperthyroidism
urinalysis - albumin or blood in urine
BP - 2 readings on 2 occasions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

causes of secondary HTN

A

thyroid disease
fibromuscular dysplasia
renal parenchymal disease
coarctation of the aorta
obstructive sleep apnoea
hyperaldosteronism
renal artery stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HTN mx

A

lifestyle

meds:
1 - age < 55 - ACE inhibitor, age >55 or black - CCB
2 - ACE inhibitor + CCB
3 - ACEi + CCB + thiazide-like diuretic
4 - consider further diuretic or beta blockade or alpha blocker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nephroprotective HTN meds

A

good for pts with DM or renal problems

ACEi - pril drugs like lisinopril, captopril, enalapril
ARBs - artan drugs like lorsartan or valsartan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of thiazide diuretics

A

hydrochlorothiazide
chlorthalidoine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of CCBs

A

dihydropyridine
amlodipine
nifedipine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pulmonary HTN signs and symptoms

A

exertional dyspnoea/syncope
exertional chest pain
cyanosis
fatigue
hoarseness
cough, haemoptysis
jugular vein distention
loud second heart sound
signs of RHF - palpitation, hepatojugular reflex
nail clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pulmonary HTN Ix

A

transthoracic echocardiography:
- tricuspid regurg, underfilling of left heart chambers, look for RV pressure overload (hypertrophy)

right heart catheterisation

ECG:
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- right axis deviation
- p pulmonale - big tall peaked p waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pulmonary HTN Mx

A

acute: oxygen and diuretics
cause dependent: pulmonary vasodilators, pulmonary endarterectomy, anti-coagulants, fix cardiac valves, treat underlying lung pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pulmonary vasodilators examples

A

endothelin receptor antagonist (bosentan)

PDE 5 inhibitor - sildenafil

prostaglandin analogs - iloprost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

orthostatic hypotension causes

A

hypovolemia
autonomic dysfunction
drugs + alcohol
diuretics, anti-hypertensives, anti-depressants, sedatives
old ppl
diabetes, parkinsons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

management of hypotension

A

fluid and sodium intake
remove offending drugs
compression stockings

med:
short acting pressors like midodrine (alpha agonist) or volume expanders like fludrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hyperlipidaemia signs and symptoms

A

xanthoma
xanthelasma
hepatic steatosis, pancreatitis
premature atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diagnosis of hyperlipidaemia

A

fasting lipid profiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hyperlipidaemia mx

A

lifestyle (low fat, alcohol avoidance)
statins (+/- other lipid lowering agents)
omega 3 fatty acids
fibrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

clinical and serum findings in familial hyperchylomicronaemia

A

pancreatitis
hepatosplenomegaly
xanthoma

high chylomicrons
elevated TG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

findings for familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

early atherosclerosis
tendon xanthoma
high lLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia findings

A

early atherosclerosis
palmar xanthoma
high LDL, chyomicrons, triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

familial hypertriglyceridemia findings

A

pancreatitis

high VLDL and TG

22
Q

abetalipoproteinemia findings

A

steatorrhoea
fat soluble vit deficiencies

no chylomicrons
no VLDL

23
Q

peripheral vascular disease summary

A

acute limb ischaemia
- sudden decrease in limb perfusion

intermittent claudication
- pain on exertion

critical limb ischaemia
- pain at rest

24
Q

acute limb ischaemia symptoms

A

6 Ps

pain
pale
pulseless
paralysis
paraesthesia
perishingly cold

25
chronic peripheral vascular disease symptoms
hair loss numbness in feet/legs brittle, slow growing toenails ulcers absent pulses atrophic skin
26
PVD Ix
Beurger's test. <20 degrees indicates severe limb ischaemia Ankle-Brachial pressure index (ABPI) normal range 0.9-1.2 < 0.5 indicates CLI full cardio risk assessment (BP, HR, bloods (GBC, fasting glucose, lipids) ECG colour duplex ultrasound magnetic resonance angiogram
27
Leriche syndrome sx
buttock claudication impotence absent/weak distal pulses
28
arterial ulcer sx
appearance: punched out distal well defined pale base (grey granulation tissue) hair loss, shiny pale skin calf muscle wasting absent pulses night pain
29
venous ulcer sx
appearance large and shallow less well-defined gaiter region swelling itching aching stasis eczema atrophie blanche hemosiderin deposition lipodermatosclerosis
30
arterial ulcer ix
dupler USS of lower limbs ABPI percutaneous angiography ECG bloods: - fasting serum lipids - HbA1c - blood glucose - FBC
31
venous ulcer ix
duplex USS of lower limbs measure SA of ulcer to monitor progression ABPI swab for microbiology if indicated biopsy if possibility of Marjolin's ulcer
32
venous ulcer treatment
graded compression stockings debridement and cleaning abx if needed moisturising cream
33
AAA definition
localised enlargement of the abdominal aorta where the diameter is >3cm or >50% larger than normal diameter most occur below renal arteries
34
AAA RFs
smoking, male, connective tissue diseases, old age, HTN, inflammatory disorders screening population = males >65 yrs old
35
AAA Sx
unruptured: usually asymptomatic may have pain in back, abdo or groin ruptured: sudden severe pain in back, abdo, groin syncope shock signs: pulsatile and expansile mass on palpation abdominal bruit Grey-Turner's sign (ruptured)
36
AAA Ix
g.s: abdo US (can't tell if ruptured) bloods CT angiogram (can detect rupture) MR angiogram (can detect rupture. contrast allergy or renal impairment)
37
aortic dissection classification
Debakey - type I to type IIIb Stanford - type A and type B ascending + descending aorta = type I/ type A ascending aorta only = type II/ type A descending only above diaphragm = type IIIa/ type B descending only below diaphragm = type IIIb/ type B
38
aortic dissection RFs
smoking male connective tissue disorders HTN congenital abnormalities eg aortic coarctation crack cocaine
39
aortic dissection symptoms and signs
sudden central tearing pain can radiate to back symptoms caused by blockages to branches carotid - blackout, dysphasia coronary - angina subclavian - LOC renal - anuria, renal failure hypertension blood pressure difference between two arms (>50%) murmur on the back signs of aortic regurgitation signs of connective tissue disease
40
aortic dissection Ix
bloods ECG (normal) to rule out MI CXR g.s. = CT angiogram
41
varicose veins RFs
age female obesity FHx caucasian
42
varicose veins causes
idiopathic valvular incompetence (mostly this) DVT AV malformations venous outflow obstruction
43
varicose veins Sx
visible dilation of veins leg aching swelling and itching bleeding veins feel tender or hard tap test auscultation of bruits Trendelenburg test
44
varicose veins Ix
g.s. = duplex USS - locates incompetent valve and excludes DVT
45
varicose veins Mx
conservative: - compression stockings - lifestyle changes endovascular treatment: - radiofrequency ablation - endovenous laser ablation - liquid or foam microinjection scleropathy surgery: - stripping of the long saphenous vein - saphenofemoral ligation - avulsion of varicosities
46
varicose veins complications
venous ulcer stasis eczema lipodermatosclerosis hemosiderin deposition sclerotherapy: skin staining, local scarring surgery: haemorrhage, infection, recurrence, paraesthesia, peroneal nerve injury
47
gangrene causes
tissue ischaemia and infarction physical trauma gas gangrene caused by Clostridium Perfringens
48
gangrene RFs
DM immunosuppression steroid use PVD ulcers
49
gangrene Ix
Bloods: FBC, U&Es, glucose, CRP, blood culture MC&S x-ray of affected area may show gas produced in gas gangrene
50
DVT Sx
erythema warmth painless varicosities swollen limb may be asymptomatic Homan's sign
51
DVT Ix
RR, O2 sats, HR g.s: doppler US impedance plethysmography D-dimer ECG, CXR, ABG (if PE suspected) risk stratified using Well's criteria (different to PE Well's score)
52
DVT Mx
DOACs (apixaban, rivaroxaban) LMWH 3 months both for maintenance 10 days for initiation warfarin for maintenance if contraindications prevention: compression stocking advise physical activity and mobilisation

Phase 1c (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions