Cardio 1 Flashcards
Mine
1
Q
Production of all blood cells
A
Haematopoiesis
2
Q
In adults where does haematopoisis occur
A
Vertebrae Ribs Sternum Proximal long bones Pelvis Sacrum Skull
3
Q
The percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes is called
A
Haematocrit
4
Q
Erythrocytes are made up what molecules
A
Haemoglobin
5
Q
Haem refers to
A
Blood
6
Q
Blood appears red due to
A
The interaction of iron and oxygen within the haem units
7
Q
What’s the formation of erythrocytes called
A
Erythropoiesis
8
Q
What is haemolysis
A
Destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin
9
Q
What cells carry out haemolysis
A
Macrophages (phagocytic cells)
10
Q
What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis
A
Erythropoietin EPO
11
Q
Where is bilirubin conjugated
A
Liver
12
Q
Where does haemolysis mostly occur
A
spleen
13
Q
Universal donor
A
O-
14
Q
Universal recipient
A
AB+
15
Q
Leukocytes can be classified as
A
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
16
Q
Which has granuals in cytoplasm granulocytes or Agranulocytes
A
Granulocytes
17
Q
Name the 3 of lymphocytes
A
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
18
Q
Which leukocytes release histamine and heparin
A
Basophils\mast cells
19
Q
Which leukocytes are involved in infection
A
Neutrophils
20
Q
Thrombocytes develop from
A
Megakaryoblasts and megakarycytes
21
Q
Where are thrombocytes produced
A
Red bone marrow
22
Q
What happens when Thromboxane is released
A
Causes vascular spasm and attracts platelets
23
Q
What does enzyme thrombin do
A
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
24
Q
What can enzyme plasmin do
A
Dissolve a clot by digesting fibrin threads and inactivating fibrinogen and thrombin
25
Which cell line are B Lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes developed under
Lymphoid line
26
What does hypochromic microcytic mean
Low colour and small ...not fully developed
27
Normal haemoglobin levels for women
13 - 18g dl (decilitre)
28
Cytosis means
More than normal cell numbers
29
Blast means
Immature cell
30
Which anaemia can give you red sore tongue and neurological symptoms
Megoblastic Anaemia b12
31
How do megoblastic Anaemia b12 and megoblastic Anaemia foliate differ
Foliate Anaemia has no neurological damage
32
Neurological symptoms would suggest which anaemia
Megoblastic b12
33
Lack of all three blood cells is which anaemia
Aplastic (Pancytopenia means lack all blood cells)
34
What anaemia effects African and carribbean populations
Sickle cell anaemia
35
The 4 stages of blood clotting
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis
36
Explain leukaemia basically
It's an unbrella term for overproduction of wbc and bone marrow cancer
37
Inherited anaemia with defect in alpha or beta hb chains
Thalassemia
38
Where are blood plasma proteins synthesised
Liver
39
Clotting factor 1
Fibrinogen
40
4 types organic waste that blood plasma transports
Creatinine
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Uric acid
41
During first 2 months gestation where is haematopoisis performed
Embryonic yolk sac
42
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn
occurs when the mother produces anti rhesus antibodies that cross the placenta, the antibodies bind to foetal rhesus antigens causing agglutination and haemolysis
43
Name the granulocytes (all end phils as Phil led with granulocytes)
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
44
Ctyo means
Cell
45
Pathophysiology of megablastic anaemia b12
Because b12 and foliate are needed for DNA synthesis, DNA replication is slowed down but cell growth continues resulting in large immature erythrocytes
46
Aetiology of megablastic anaemia b12
Dietary
Lack of intrinsic factor (due to auto immune)
Malabsporption (crohn's)
Drug methotrexate
47
Pancytopenia is associated with which anaemia
Aplastic
48
Signs and symptoms of Aplastic anaemia
```
General anaemia
Multiple infections (due to low white blood cells)
Easy bleeding (due to low thrombocytes
```
49
Excessive production of erythrocytes is which anaemia
Polycythemia /erythrocytosis
50
Overproduction of leukocytes is which anaemia
Leukaemia
51
Pathophysiology of leukaemia
Overproduction of leukocytes results in suppressed production of erythrocytes and thrombocytes resulting in thrombocytopenia and anaemia
52
Signs and Symptoms of Leukaemia
```
Malaise
Anaemia signs
Frequent Infections
Fever
Weight loss
Splenomegaly mild in kids
Lymph Node enlargement (enlarged to accommodate extra cells) mild in acute
Easy Bruising/Bleeding
```
53
Red sore shiny tongue is associated with which anaemia
Megablastic B12
54
Break word down Pancytopenia
Pan across
Cyto cell
Penia lack
55
Too many erythrocytes is called what 2 names
Polycythemia
| Erythrocytosis
56
Name all the leukocytes and function
| WBC
Neutrophils. First to migrate, ingest and destroy microbes
Lymphocytes. B Lymph T Lymph Immnutity against viruses and bacteria
Macrocytes/Monocytes. Inflammation and repair
Eosinophils. Eliminate parasites enormous pathogens Asthma allergic reaction
Basophils/mast cells. Release histamine and heparin
57
Blood functions
Contributes to homeostasis by transporting what
What other functions
```
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones
```
Immunity
PH regulation
Temp regulation
58
Where are plasma proteins synthesised (albumin globulin fibrinogen)
Liver cells (hepatocytes)
59
Minerals in blood plasma
Cations and anions
60
What do erythrocytes lose as they mature
Nuclei
| Organelles
61
What way in pregnancy are antibodies developed against Rh antigen
Placenta sensitisation or transfusion
62
3 plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
63
Name 2 anaemias that are genetic
Sickle cell
| Thalassemia
64
Which anaemia cause signs symptoms of gallstones and vascular occlusion (badly shaped blood cells)
Hemolytic anaemia
65
Granulocytes wbc all end in phils
| Name them
Neutrophils
Basophils/mast cell's
Eosinophils
66
Mode of action B Lymphocytes
| Think B
Activate immune response via antibodies
67
Mode of action T Lymphocytes
Kill invading pathogens
68
Ant coagulant means
Against clotting
| Stop clotting
69
Name 4 leukaemias
Acute leukaemia
Acute lympocytic
Chronic Myeloid
Chronic lymphocytic
70
Bilirubin is formed from breakdown of what
Haem
71
Once bilirubin is formed its described as been
Unconjugated
72
Bilirubin is formed in the
| And conjugated in the
Spleen
| Liver
73
Which anaemia are these signs symptoms
Spoon shaped nails
Angular stomatitis
Brittle hair
Iron deficiency aneamia
74
Two triggers of erythropoiesis
High altitude
Blood loss
Pregnancy
Haemolysis
75
What does Erythropoietin stimulate when produced
Erythropoiesis in bone marrow
76
Haemoglobin structure
| Hb
Adult 2 beta chains and 2 alpha chains
| Foetal 2 gamma and 2 alpha
77
Erythrocyte structure
Made up of hb molecules and some carbon dioxide, each erythrocytes has 280 million hb molecules
1 hb structure consists of 4 polypeptide chains, each chain is bound to a harm which contains iron.
78
Explain what immune system is
It's a way for our body to protect and defend ourselves from invading pathogens and create a memory
79
We can only get rid of bilirubin if
It's conjugated
80
What age does sickle cell anaemia start
3 to 6 months
81
Define haemophilia
A deficiency in clotting factors
| Genetic
82
Why do you get thrombosis in polycythemia
Because the blood is visocity and not flowing as it should
83
Anti coagulant
| Nutrients
Vitamin E
| EFA
84
Anti coagulant
| Herbs
Ginkgo
Garlic
Ginger
Tumeric
85
What cells are produced from the lymphoid cell line
T lymphocytes
| B Lymphocytes
86
Causes of granulocytopenia
Bone marrow diseases
HIV
Drug toxicity
Severe infections
87
Signs and symptoms of leukaemia
```
Splenomegaly mild or prominent
Enlarged lymph nodes mild or prominent
Maliase
Fever
Weight loss
Easy Bruising and bleeding
General anaemia signs
```
88
How is leukaemia diagnosed
Full blood count
bone marrow biopsy
Blood film (view blood)
