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Blood PH > Cardio 1 > Flashcards

Cardio 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Production of all blood cells

A

Haematopoiesis

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2
Q

In adults where does haematopoisis occur

A 
Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Proximal long bones
Pelvis
Sacrum
Skull
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3
Q

The percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes is called

A

Haematocrit

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4
Q

Erythrocytes are made up what molecules

A

Haemoglobin

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5
Q

Haem refers to

A

Blood

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6
Q

Blood appears red due to

A

The interaction of iron and oxygen within the haem units

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7
Q

What’s the formation of erythrocytes called

A

Erythropoiesis

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8
Q

What is haemolysis

A

Destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin

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9
Q

What cells carry out haemolysis

A

Macrophages (phagocytic cells)

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10
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin EPO

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11
Q

Where is bilirubin conjugated

A

Liver

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12
Q

Where does haemolysis mostly occur

A

spleen

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13
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

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14
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB+

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15
Q

Leukocytes can be classified as

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Which has granuals in cytoplasm granulocytes or Agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes

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17
Q

Name the 3 of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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18
Q

Which leukocytes release histamine and heparin

A

Basophils\mast cells

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19
Q

Which leukocytes are involved in infection

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Thrombocytes develop from

A

Megakaryoblasts and megakarycytes

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21
Q

Where are thrombocytes produced

A

Red bone marrow

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22
Q

What happens when Thromboxane is released

A

Causes vascular spasm and attracts platelets

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23
Q

What does enzyme thrombin do

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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24
Q

What can enzyme plasmin do

A

Dissolve a clot by digesting fibrin threads and inactivating fibrinogen and thrombin

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25
Q

Which cell line are B Lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes developed under

A

Lymphoid line

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26
Q

What does hypochromic microcytic mean

A

Low colour and small …not fully developed

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27
Q

Normal haemoglobin levels for women

A

13 - 18g dl (decilitre)

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28
Q

Cytosis means

A

More than normal cell numbers

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29
Q

Blast means

A

Immature cell

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30
Q

Which anaemia can give you red sore tongue and neurological symptoms

A

Megoblastic Anaemia b12

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31
Q

How do megoblastic Anaemia b12 and megoblastic Anaemia foliate differ

A

Foliate Anaemia has no neurological damage

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32
Q

Neurological symptoms would suggest which anaemia

A

Megoblastic b12

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33
Q

Lack of all three blood cells is which anaemia

A

Aplastic (Pancytopenia means lack all blood cells)

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34
Q

What anaemia effects African and carribbean populations

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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35
Q

The 4 stages of blood clotting

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis

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36
Q

Explain leukaemia basically

A

It’s an unbrella term for overproduction of wbc and bone marrow cancer

37
Q

Inherited anaemia with defect in alpha or beta hb chains

A

Thalassemia

38
Q

Where are blood plasma proteins synthesised

A

Liver

39
Q

Clotting factor 1

A

Fibrinogen

40
Q

4 types organic waste that blood plasma transports

A

Creatinine
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Uric acid

41
Q

During first 2 months gestation where is haematopoisis performed

A

Embryonic yolk sac

42
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

occurs when the mother produces anti rhesus antibodies that cross the placenta, the antibodies bind to foetal rhesus antigens causing agglutination and haemolysis

43
Q

Name the granulocytes (all end phils as Phil led with granulocytes)

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil

44
Q

Ctyo means

A

Cell

45
Q

Pathophysiology of megablastic anaemia b12

A

Because b12 and foliate are needed for DNA synthesis, DNA replication is slowed down but cell growth continues resulting in large immature erythrocytes

46
Q

Aetiology of megablastic anaemia b12

A

Dietary
Lack of intrinsic factor (due to auto immune)
Malabsporption (crohn’s)
Drug methotrexate

47
Q

Pancytopenia is associated with which anaemia

A

Aplastic

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of Aplastic anaemia

A 
General anaemia
Multiple infections (due to low white blood cells)
Easy bleeding (due to low thrombocytes
49
Q

Excessive production of erythrocytes is which anaemia

A

Polycythemia /erythrocytosis

50
Q

Overproduction of leukocytes is which anaemia

A

Leukaemia

51
Q

Pathophysiology of leukaemia

A

Overproduction of leukocytes results in suppressed production of erythrocytes and thrombocytes resulting in thrombocytopenia and anaemia

52
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Leukaemia

A 
Malaise
Anaemia signs
Frequent Infections
Fever
Weight loss
Splenomegaly mild in kids 
Lymph Node enlargement (enlarged to accommodate extra cells) mild in acute
Easy Bruising/Bleeding
53
Q

Red sore shiny tongue is associated with which anaemia

A

Megablastic B12

54
Q

Break word down Pancytopenia

A

Pan across
Cyto cell
Penia lack

55
Q

Too many erythrocytes is called what 2 names

A

Polycythemia

Erythrocytosis

56
Q

Name all the leukocytes and function

WBC

A

Neutrophils. First to migrate, ingest and destroy microbes

Lymphocytes. B Lymph T Lymph Immnutity against viruses and bacteria

Macrocytes/Monocytes. Inflammation and repair

Eosinophils. Eliminate parasites enormous pathogens Asthma allergic reaction

Basophils/mast cells. Release histamine and heparin

57
Q

Blood functions
Contributes to homeostasis by transporting what
What other functions

A 
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Hormones

Immunity
PH regulation
Temp regulation

58
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesised (albumin globulin fibrinogen)

A

Liver cells (hepatocytes)

59
Q

Minerals in blood plasma

A

Cations and anions

60
Q

What do erythrocytes lose as they mature

A

Nuclei

Organelles

61
Q

What way in pregnancy are antibodies developed against Rh antigen

A

Placenta sensitisation or transfusion

62
Q

3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

63
Q

Name 2 anaemias that are genetic

A

Sickle cell

Thalassemia

64
Q

Which anaemia cause signs symptoms of gallstones and vascular occlusion (badly shaped blood cells)

A

Hemolytic anaemia

65
Q

Granulocytes wbc all end in phils

Name them

A

Neutrophils
Basophils/mast cell’s
Eosinophils

66
Q

Mode of action B Lymphocytes

Think B

A

Activate immune response via antibodies

67
Q

Mode of action T Lymphocytes

A

Kill invading pathogens

68
Q

Ant coagulant means

A

Against clotting

Stop clotting

69
Q

Name 4 leukaemias

A

Acute leukaemia
Acute lympocytic
Chronic Myeloid
Chronic lymphocytic

70
Q

Bilirubin is formed from breakdown of what

A

Haem

71
Q

Once bilirubin is formed its described as been

A

Unconjugated

72
Q

Bilirubin is formed in the

And conjugated in the

A

Spleen

Liver

73
Q

Which anaemia are these signs symptoms
Spoon shaped nails
Angular stomatitis
Brittle hair

A

Iron deficiency aneamia

74
Q

Two triggers of erythropoiesis

A

High altitude
Blood loss
Pregnancy
Haemolysis

75
Q

What does Erythropoietin stimulate when produced

A

Erythropoiesis in bone marrow

76
Q

Haemoglobin structure

Hb

A

Adult 2 beta chains and 2 alpha chains

Foetal 2 gamma and 2 alpha

77
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A

Made up of hb molecules and some carbon dioxide, each erythrocytes has 280 million hb molecules
1 hb structure consists of 4 polypeptide chains, each chain is bound to a harm which contains iron.

78
Q

Explain what immune system is

A

It’s a way for our body to protect and defend ourselves from invading pathogens and create a memory

79
Q

We can only get rid of bilirubin if

A

It’s conjugated

80
Q

What age does sickle cell anaemia start

A

3 to 6 months

81
Q

Define haemophilia

A

A deficiency in clotting factors

Genetic

82
Q

Why do you get thrombosis in polycythemia

A

Because the blood is visocity and not flowing as it should

83
Q

Anti coagulant

Nutrients

A

Vitamin E

EFA

84
Q

Anti coagulant

Herbs

A

Ginkgo
Garlic
Ginger
Tumeric

85
Q

What cells are produced from the lymphoid cell line

A

T lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

86
Q

Causes of granulocytopenia

A

Bone marrow diseases
HIV
Drug toxicity
Severe infections

87
Q

Signs and symptoms of leukaemia

A 
Splenomegaly mild or prominent 
Enlarged lymph nodes mild or prominent
Maliase
Fever
Weight loss
Easy Bruising and bleeding
General anaemia signs
88
Q

How is leukaemia diagnosed

A

Full blood count
bone marrow biopsy
Blood film (view blood)

Blood PH (2 decks)

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