Cardic Examination - Hands

Question 1

Splinter Hemorrhages

Answer 1

Small, linear, dark red or brown streaks under the nails.
* Causes: Infective endocarditis, trauma, or vasculitis.

Question 2

Clubbing

Answer 2

Bulbous enlargement of the fingertips with loss of the normal nail angle.
* Causes: Cyanotic congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis, or chronic hypoxia

Question 3

Xanthomata

Answer 3

Yellowish deposits of cholesterol on tendons or joints.
* Causes: Hyperlipidemia, especially familial hypercholesterolemia.

Question 4

Janeway Lesions

Answer 4

Non-tender,renews patches on the palms.
* Causes: Infective endocarditis (micro-embolic phenomenon).

Question 5

Osler’s Nodes

Answer 5

Painful, raised, red or purple lesions on the soles or toes.
* Causes: Infective endocarditis (immune complex deposition).

Question 6

Tar Staining

Answer 6

Yellow or brown discoloration on fingers due to smoking.
* Causes: Smoking, which is a major cardiovascular risk factor.

Question 7

Pallor or Blue (Cyanosis)

Answer 7

Unusual paleness or bluish discoloration of the hands.
* Causes: Pallor suggests anemia or poor perfusion, while cyanosis indicates hypoxemia or severe cardiovascular compromise.