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TAS Cardiology > Cardiac Symptoms And Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiac Symptoms And Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is true of most syncope events?

A

They are benign

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2
Q

What factors point to cardiac syncope?

A
  • Sudden onset without any prodromal period of dizziness or imminent awareness
  • Syncope during exercise or exertion
  • Complete loss of awareness and muscle tone so that fall results in injury
  • Palpitations or abnormal heartbeat noted before the event
  • Abnormal heart rate (fast or slow) after the event
  • Family history of cardiovascular disease at early age, or sudden death
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3
Q

What do cardiac causes of sudden death in the young occur due to?

A

Ventricular fibrillation in the setting of myocardial or coronary abnormalities, or primary rhythm disorders

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4
Q

What are the main structural causes of cardiac sudden death?

A
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Anomalies of the coronary artery
  • Marfan’s syndrome
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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5
Q

What can cause abnormal coronary arteries?

A

Kawasaki syndrome

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6
Q

What primary rhythm disorders might cause sudden cardiac death?

A
  • Prolonged QT syndrome

- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

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7
Q

Which children are at higher risk of sudden cardiac death?

A

Those with congenital heart disease

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8
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

Vasculitis of small to medium vessels

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9
Q

What is the aetiology of Kawasaki disease?

A

Unknown

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10
Q

Why is Kawasaki disease an important condition?

A

It is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in children

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11
Q

At what age is Kawasaki disease most common?

A

6 months - 4 years

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12
Q

What are the clinical features of Kawasaki’s disease?

A

Fever for more than 5 days with at least 4 of -

  • Polymorphous rash
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Mucositis
  • Oedema of hands and feet with subsequent desquamation
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13
Q

What can complicate kuivasalie disease?

A

Coronary arteritis and aneurysm formation

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14
Q

Which patients are at increased risk of infective endocarditis?

A
  • Acquied valvular heart disease with stenosis or regurgitation
  • Valve replacement
  • Structural congenital heart disease
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Previous infective endocarditis
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15
Q

What does the category of ‘structural heart disease’ as a risk factor for infective endocarditis include?

A

Surgically corrected or palliated structural conditions

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16
Q

What does the category of ‘structural heart disease’ as a risk factor for infective endocarditis exclude?

A
  • Isolated ASD
  • Fully repaired PDA or VSD
  • Closure devices that are judged to be fully endotheliased
17
Q

When is the risk for infective endocarditis highest?

A
  • Congenital heart disease where there is turbulent jet of blood
  • Artificial prosthetic material within or outside of the heart
  • Repetitive IV drug use
18
Q

Is antibiotic prophylaxis recommended for infective endocarditis?

A

No

19
Q

How is infective endocarditis prevented?

A
  • Good dental hygiene

- Avoidance of invasive procedures, including body piercing and tattooing

20
Q

How common is rheumatic fever?

A

Rare in the UK, but important cause of acquired heart disease worldwide

21
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

Inflammatory disease involving the joints and heart,and less frequently, the CNS, skin, and subcutaneous tissues

22
Q

What causes then mat-i fever?e

A

It is a complication of group A beta haemolytic streptococcus

23
Q

Who does rheumatic fever affect?

A

Children 5-15 years of age (peak age 8 years)

24
Q

What does rheumatic fever occur following?

A

An upper respiratory tract infection

25
Q

What happens between having an upper respiratory tract infection and developing rheumatic
Fever?

A

A 2-6 week latent period

26
Q

Who is the incidence of rheumatic fever higher in?

A

People living in crowded conditions

27
Q

What implies a genetic influence in rheumatic fever?

A

Family clustering occurs

28
Q

What happens in the early stages of rheumatic fever?

A

There is an inflammatory exudative reaction

29
Q

How does the initial inflammatory exudative reaction last in rheumatic fever?

A

2-3 weeks

30
Q

What does the initial inflammatory exudative reaction in rheumatic fever involve?

A

Myocardium, values, and pericardium

31
Q

Which valves are most commonly affected in rheumatic fever?

A

Mitral most commonly, then aortic

32
Q

What follows the acute inflammatory phase in rheumatic fever?

A

A proliferative phase

33
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase of rheumatic fever?

A

Aschoff bodies form

34
Q

What do Aschoff bodies consist of?

A

Perivascular infiltrations of large cells with polymorphous nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm arranged in a rosette around an avascular centre of fibrinoid

35
Q

What is the significance of Aschoff bodies?

A

They are pathognomonic for rheumatic fever

TAS Cardiology (7 decks)

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