Anatomy ✅

Question 1

What does the morphological approach to considering the heart enable?

Answer 1

Easier description of congenital cardiac malformations

Question 2

Why does morphological description of the heart enable easier description of cardiac malformations?

Answer 2

In congenitally malformed hearts, where the chambers do not occupy their usual positions, the positional distinction between left and right becomes confusion

Question 3

What segments is the heart built from?

Answer 3

• Atria
• Ventricular masses
• Arterial trunks

Question 4

What joins the segments of the heart?

Answer 4

• Atrioventricular junction

- Ventriculoarterial junction

Question 5

What is a normal heart described as?

Answer 5

Situs solitus, concordant atrio-ventricular connection and concordant ventriculo-arterial connection

Question 6

How does the right atria compare to the left?

Answer 6

The right atrium is slightly larger, but its walls are thinner

Question 7

What is the internal wall of the right atrium composed of?

Answer 7

• A smooth, posterior portion

- Ridge like, muscular anterior portion

Question 8

What drains into the posterior portion of the internal wall of the right atrium?

Answer 8

Vena cava and coronary sinus

Question 9

What is characteristic of the anterior portion of the internal wall of the right atrium?

Answer 9

Pectinate muscles distributed down into the vestibule of the tricuspid valve

Question 10

What drains into the left atrium?

Answer 10

The 4 pulmonary veins

Question 11

Where do the pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium>

Answer 11

It’s smooth walled posterior surface

Question 12

What common wall do the atria share?

Answer 12

The atrial septum

Question 13

What does the atrial septum contain?

Answer 13

A flap valve of the fossa ovalis

Question 14

How is shunting across the atrial septum prevented?

Answer 14

The fossa ovalis overlaps the atrial walls, so even if not fused, there will be no shunting

Question 15

When might shunting across the atrial septum occur?

Answer 15

If left atrial pressure exceeds that of right

Question 16

What does the vestibule of the left atrium support?

Answer 16

The leaflets of the mitral valve (two cusps)

Question 17

Is the vestibule of the left atrium smooth or rough?

Answer 17

Smooth

Question 18

What components do the ventricles consist of?

Answer 18

• Inlet
• Apical trabecular
• Outlet

Question 19

What is the shape of the normal right ventricle dependant on?

Answer 19

The inlet being inferior and to the right of the outlet

Question 20

What is the relationship between the inlet component of the right ventricle and the tricuspid valve?

Answer 20

The inlet component of the right ventricle surrounds and supports the leaflets and tension apparatus of the tricuspid valve

Question 21

What is characteristic of the right ventricle?

Answer 21

Coarser trabeculations than those on the left

Question 22

How many cusps does the pulmonary semilunar valve have?

Answer 22

3

Question 23

What is the pulmonary semilunar valve supported by?

Answer 23

A muscular infundibulum

Question 24

What is the relationship between the inlet component of the left ventricle and the mitral valve?

Answer 24

The inlet component of the left ventricle contains and surrounds the mitral valve

Question 25

What is characteristic of the mitral valve?

Answer 25

It has no cordal attachments to the ventricular septum

Question 26

Describe the apical part of the left ventricle?

Answer 26

It has fine criss-crossing trabeculations and a smooth septal surface

Question 27

How many leaflets does the atrial valve have?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

How are the 3 leaflets of the aortic valve attached?

Answer 28

In a semilunar fashion, but (unlike the pulmonary valve) the hinge lines attach in part to fibrous structures, and in part to the muscular walls of the ventricle

Question 29

Where does the aorta arise from?

Answer 29

The middle of the base of the heart

Question 30

What happens to the aorta after its origin?

Answer 30

It curves upwards to the aortic arch

Question 31

What does the aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 31

- Brachiocephalic artery - Left common carotid artery - Left subclavian artery

Question 32

What supports the leaflets of the aortic valve?

Answer 32

The three sinuses of Valsalva

Question 33

What do the sinuses of Valsalva give rise to?

Answer 33

2 of the sinuses give rise to the right and left coronary arteries

Question 34

Where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?

Answer 34

The pulmonary infundibulum

Question 35

What supports the pulmonary valve?

Answer 35

The sinuses of the pulmonary trunk

Question 36

What happens to the pulmonary trunk after its origin in the pulmonary infundibulum?

Answer 36

It bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 37

Where does the ductus arteriosus extend in fetal circulation?

Answer 37

From the pulmonary trunk into the descending aorta

Question 38

What does the ductus arteriosus demarcate in fetal circulation?

Answer 38

The isthmus of the aorta

Question 39

What layers are the vessels of the peripheral circulation made up of?

Answer 39

- Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica adventitia

Question 40

What is the tunica intima?

Answer 40

A single layer of flattened epithelial cells

Question 41

What is the purpose of the tunica intima?

Answer 41

It provides a smooth lining

Question 42

What is the tunica media?

Answer 42

Elastic fibre and smooth muscle arranged in a circular fashion

Question 43

How does the tunica media in arteries compare to that in veins?

Answer 43

It is thicker in arteries than in veins

Question 44

What does the tunica media in arteries allow for?

Answer 44

Vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Question 45

What is the contractile activity of the tunica media affected by?

Answer 45

- Autonomic nerves supplying it | - Vasoconstrictor substances in the blood, in particular angiotensin

Question 46

What is the tunica adventitia?

Answer 46

The outermost, fibrous layer composed of connective tissue

Question 47

What is encased in the pericardial sac?

Answer 47

The heart and roots of the great vessels

Question 48

What does the pericardial sac consist of?

Answer 48

Fibrous and serous parts

Question 49

What does the outer fibrous part of the pericardial sac fuse with?

Answer 49

- The central tendon of the diaphragm | - The ends of the great vessels as they enter or leave

Question 50

Where does the fibrous part of the pericardial sac fuse with the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Answer 50

Underneath the heart

Question 51

What is the purpose of the fusion of the fibrous part of the pericardial sac with surrounding structures?

Answer 51

It helps to anchor the heart in its central position

Question 52

What are the layers of the inner, serous pericardium?

Answer 52

- Parietal layer | - Visceral layer (or epicardium)

Question 53

What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardial sac do?

Answer 53

Adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Question 54

How does the parietal layer of the serous pericardial sac become the visceral layer?

Answer 54

It becomes reflected onto the outer surface of the heart as the visceral layer

Question 55

How are the adjacent surfaces to the serous pericardium kept lubricated?

Answer 55

By pericardial fluid

Question 56

What does the pericardial fluid allow?

Answer 56

The surfaces to glide over one another as the heart beats