Cardiac Procedures

Question 1

how does H/H relate to work on the myocardium?

Answer 1

in order to transport adequate oxygen to tissues…

HR and CO increase even at rest

thereby increasing myocardial workload

Question 2

how are thrombolytic agents administered in the early stages of MI?

Answer 2

initial infusion of thrombolytics followed by a heparin infusion

Question 3

what type of drug is common for patients with afib and mechanical heart valve replacement. what coagulation profile should be considered

Answer 3

warfarin (coumadin) - INR

Question 4

what type of patient has hyperkalemia and what is the effect on the body?

Answer 4

acute kidney and endocrine patients

K overdose - heart problems

Question 5

what type of patient has hypokalemia and what is the effect on the body?

Answer 5

patients receiving diuretics

dehydration

Question 6

what are the consequences of high/low sodium

Answer 6

high = hypervolemia
low = hypovolemia

Question 7

what does hs-CRP tell you

Answer 7

amount of protein in the blood that signals acute inflammation

Question 8

what hs-CRP value is considered low risk of CVD

Answer 8

< 1

Question 9

what hs-CRP value is considered high risk of CVD

Answer 9

> 3-10

Question 10

what are the two major biomarkers for MI

Answer 10

CKMB and troponin

Question 11

what is considered normal for CKMB

Answer 11

0-3%

Question 12

what is the timing of CKMB

Answer 12

rises 4-8 hours after injury
peaks at 18-24 hours
returns to normal in 72 hours

Question 13

what is normal troponin

Answer 13

0-0.2

Question 14

what is the timing of troponin

Answer 14

rises 2-4 hours after injury
peaks at 24-36 hours
can stay elevated up to 2 weeks

Question 15

elevated sodium in the urine (natriuresis) happens during heart failure and can produce three types that are specific to locations in the cardiac system. What are the types and where are they located

Answer 15

A - atrial myocardium
B - ventricular myocardium
C - endothelial cells in BVs

Question 16

clearance of _______ is a measure of renal function

Answer 16

creatinine

Question 17

what are three ways that CXR can be used for patients with CV system dysfunction

Answer 17

1. can detect Ca in the heart
2. can see fat blocking the vessels
3. can show the heart’s size and shape

Question 18

why use a CT for the heart instead of a CXR

Answer 18

more detailed, 3D image

Question 19

what does echocardiography do

Answer 19

gives real-time images of the beating heart to evaluate its function

Question 20

what is the advantage of a transesophageal echocardiogram

Answer 20

better view of the mediastinum and heart valves

Question 21

what type of imaging provides 3D measurement of ejection fraction AND myocardial perfusion

Answer 21

MRI

Question 22

what is multigated acquisition imaging

Answer 22

a scan that uses abradioisotope that targets the heart to analyze ventricular function and ejection fraction

Question 23

what is cardiac catheterization

Answer 23

1. catheter inserted into the heart
2. contrast angiography visualizes vessels
3. can be paired with revascularization and biopsy

Question 24

what are PT considerations for cardiac catheterization

Answer 24

4-6 hours of bedrest following venous access

6-8 hours of bedrest following arterial access