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Developmental/Neonatal Physiology > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens at birth with cardiac output and myocardial contraction?

A

Increased

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2
Q

What is secreted at birth and increases rapidly?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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3
Q

During transition, what happens to PVR?

A

Decreases, by 80%

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4
Q

During transition, what happens to systemic pressure?

A

Increases

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5
Q

What happens to pulmonary blood flow during transition?

A

Increases

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6
Q

What are the major pulmonary vasodilators active in transition?

A

Nitric Oxide and Prostacyclin

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7
Q

What do the vasodilators help with?

A

Adequate blood flow to the lungs

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8
Q

What is NO responsible for?

A

After birth, pulmonary vasodilation, bronchodilation, increased surfactant function, decreased lung inflammation

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9
Q

When is the ductus venosus closed?

A

Within minutes of birth with cessation of placental blood flow

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10
Q

What closes the FO?

A

Pressure changes in heart, increased systemic pressure, decreased pulmonary pressure

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11
Q

When does the FO close?

A

By 9 months, structurally by 1 year

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12
Q

What closes the DA?

A

Increased SVR and decreased PVR

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13
Q

What happens to blood flow of the DA after birth?

A

Shunt becomes left to right

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14
Q

When does functional closure of the DA happen?

A

12-14 hours of life

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15
Q

What is preload?

A

R/T length of muscle cells stretching

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16
Q

What is the Frank Starling Law?

A

Ability of heart to change its force of the contraction and therefore change stroke volume in response to change in venous return

17
Q

What is Afterload?

A

The pressure the heart chamber must pump against to eject blood, As afterload increased cardiac output decreases

18
Q

How are neonates affected by afterload?

A

Increased afterload and decreased contractility R/T PVR and SVR (more blood to eject blood)

19
Q

How do neonates increase CO?

A

Increased HR

20
Q

What are the central mechanisms of cardiac function regulation?

A

Medulla, Hypothalamus, and Cerebral Cortex

21
Q

What is the result of sympathetic control of the heart?

A

Increased CO to 100%, Increased responsiveness with Gestational Age, Tachycardia, increased B/P, increased myocardial contractility

22
Q

What is the result of parasympathetic control of the heart?

A

Decreased HR, Variability of fetal HR, Stimulates Vagus nerve to decrease HR

23
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete to help with fetal cardiac function?

A

Catecholamines

24
Q

What does the pituitary gland secreted to help with fetal cardiac function?

A

Vasopressin

25
Q

What endocrine element helps with increase FHR and FBP to increase flow to the heart?

A

Renin-angiotensin

26
Q

Why do you think there is a decrease in the heart rate with increasing maturity?

A

Parasympathetic control

27
Q

What are the effects of K on the heart?

A

Excessive: heart becomes dilated and flaccid and slow HR, Block conduction of cardiac impulses (AV Block), Abnormal rhythm (death)

28
Q

What is a normal K level?

A

4-6

29
Q

What is a normal Ca level?

A

9-11

30
Q

What are the effects of Ca on the heart?

A

Excessive: Spastic contraction
Low: Cardiac flaccidity, polyuria, seizures

31
Q

What is a normal HR for 20 weeks?

A

155

32
Q

What is a normal HR for 30 weeks?

A

144

33
Q

What is a normal HR for term?

A

140

34
Q

What is HR determined by?

A

Depolarization of SA node

35
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

> 160

36
Q

What causes Tachycardia?

A

Physiologic/sympathetic control, fetal anemia, acute fetal blood loss, abnormal fetal conduction

37
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

< 120

38
Q

What causes Bradycardia?

A

Initial response to asphyxia, heart block, changes in afterload, head compression, acute fetal distress

Developmental/Neonatal Physiology (4 decks)

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