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Developmental/Neonatal Physiology > Cardiac Development > Flashcards

Cardiac Development Flashcards

1
Q

What week do heart tubes join blood vessels in embryo, connecting stalk, and yolk sac to form the primitive cardiovascular system?

A

3rd week

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2
Q

What week does circulating blood start to flow and can be seen on doppler ultrasound?

A

4th Week

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3
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

Day 22 or 23

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4
Q

What is the 1st system to reach functional state?

A

Cardiovascular

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5
Q

What are the 3 paired veins that drain into tubular heart of a 4 week old embryo?

A

1: Vitalline veins
2: Umbilical veins
3: Common Cardinal veins

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6
Q

What is the function of the Vitelline veins?

A

To return poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac

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7
Q

What enters the venous end of the heart at the Sinus Venosus?

A

The Vitelline Veins (R & L Vitelline Veins)

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8
Q

What is developed from the R Vitelline vein in the area of the duodenum?

A

Portal Vein

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9
Q

What develops from the L Vitelline vein within the liver?

A

Ductus Venosus

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10
Q

What is formed from the R Vitelline vein?

A

Most of hepatic/portal system and part of the Inferior Venal Cava

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11
Q

What does the venous shunt connect?

A

The Umbilical Vein to the Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

Which umbilical vein remains?

A

Left

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13
Q

Where do the umbilical veins initially run?

A

Each side of the liver

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14
Q

What do the umbilical veins do?

A

Carry well oxygenated blood from the placenta to the sinus venosus

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15
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins when the liver develops?

A

Looses connection with the heart

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16
Q

What week does the right umbilical vein disappear?

A

7th week

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17
Q

What does 20-30% of the blood from the umbilical vein supply?

A

1: Liver
2: Ductus Venosus
3: Inferior Vena Cava

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18
Q

What serves as the main drainage system in the embryo?

A

Cardinal Veins

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19
Q

Which cardinal veins develop 1st?

A

Anterior and Posterior

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20
Q

What do the Anterior and Posterior Cardinal veins drain in the embryo?

A

Cranial and Caudal

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21
Q

Where do the Anterior and Posterior Cardinal Veins join the Common Cardinal Veins?

A

At the entrance of the Sinus Venosus

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22
Q

Blood is shunted from the anastamosis of left and right anterior cardinal vein to form a shunt of blood from the left to right, what does this shunt become?

A

The L Brachiocephalic Vein

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23
Q

What forms the Superior Vena Cava?

A

The right anterior cardinal vein and the right common cardinal vein.

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24
Q

What do the Posterior Cardinal Veins form?

A

The vessels for primitive kidneys and common iliac veins

Disappear when kidneys develop

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25
Q

What do the Supracardinal veins form?

A

1: Part of the IVC
2: Contribute to form: R Internal & External Jugular Vein, L Subclavian Vein, and External & Internal Iliac Veins

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26
Q

Where does the Hepatic Segment of the IVC form?

A

Proximal part of the R Vitelline Vein

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27
Q

Where does the Pre-renal Segment of the IVC form?

A

R Subcardinal Vein

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28
Q

Where does the Renal Segment of the IVC form?

A

Subcardinal and Supracardinal Veins

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29
Q

Where does the Post-renal Segment of the IVC form?

A

R Supracardinal Vein

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30
Q

How many Vitelline Arteries are there?

A

3

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31
Q

What do the Vitelline Arteries remain as?

A

1: Celiac Artery to foregut
2: Superior Mesenteric Artery to midgut
3: Inferior Mesenteric Artery to hindgut

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32
Q

What do the Umbilical Arteries become continuous with?

A

Vessels in chorion and embryonic part of the placenta

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33
Q

What do the Umbilical Arteries do?

A

Carry poorly oxygenated blood to the placenta

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34
Q

What does the proximal part of the umbilical arteries give rise to?

A

The Internal Iliac Arteries & Superior Visceral Arteries

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35
Q

What does the distal part of the umbilical arteries become?

A

Medial Umbilical Ligament

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36
Q

When do the Coronary Vessels begin to form?

A

5th Week

37
Q

Where do the Coronary Vessels arise from?

A

Cells in the Epicardium

38
Q

When and how do the Coronary Veins form?

A

5-6th weeks, Capillaries connect

39
Q

Where do the Coronary Arteries form from?

A

Grow off the Aorta

40
Q

Where does the Aortic Arch form?

A

The Pharengeal Arches at the 4th week, each arch contains an artery

41
Q

Where does the Arotic Arch come off?

A

The dorsal part of the Aorta

42
Q

1st Pair of Arches

A

1: Maxillary Arteries (ears, teeth, muscles of the eye and face)
2: External Carotid Artery

43
Q

2nd Pair of Arches

A

Inner Ear

44
Q

3rd Pair of Arches

A

1: Common Carotid Arteries
2: Internal Carotid Arteries

45
Q

4th Pair of Arches

A

1: Arch of the Aorta
2: Right Subclavian Artery

46
Q

6th Pair of Arches

A

1: Right Pulmonary Artery
2: Left Pulmonary Artery
3: Ductus Arteriosus

47
Q

What do most of Aortic Arch abnormalities result from?

A

The persistence of parts of the pharengeal arch arteries that will usually disappear

48
Q

Where do 90% of Coarctation of the Aorta occur?

A

Inferior to origin of left subclavian artery at the entrance of the Ductus Arteriosus (Juxtaductal Coarctation)

49
Q

What is a Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Aortic lumen is narrowed

50
Q

How are Coarctations of the Aorta Classified?

A

Pre or Post Ductal

51
Q

Where does the Sinus Venosus open into?

A

Right Atrium

52
Q

What is the Coronary Sinus?

A

A collection of veins joined to form large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart and enter the Right Atrium

53
Q

Where are the right and left sinus horns developed from?

A

The Sinus Venosus

54
Q

What does the Bulbus Cordis become?

A

Ventricle and Truncus Arteriosis

55
Q

When do the endocardial cushions form?

A

5th Week

56
Q

Where do the endocardial cushion form?

A

On the dorsal and ventral walls of the Artioventricular Canal

57
Q

What do the AV canals do?

A

Separate the primitive atria from the primitive ventricle

58
Q

The right and left AV canals and endocardial cushions give rise to what?

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves

59
Q

What fuses to form the right and left atrium?

A

The Septum Primum and Septum Secundum

60
Q

What appears when the Foramen Primum disappears?

A

The Foramen Secundum

61
Q

What forms the Foramen Ovale?

A

The overlapping of the Septum Secundum and the Froamen Secundum

62
Q

When does the Foramen Ovale structurally close?

A

At 3 months

63
Q

What are the 4 types of ASD?

A

1: Ostium Secundum defect
2: Endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect
3: Sinus Venosus defect
4: Common Atrium (no septum)

64
Q

Is an ASD more common in males or females?

A

Females

65
Q

What is the most common ASD?

A

PFO, Blood is shunted to the LA causing cyanosis

66
Q

What is an Ostium Secundum defect?

A

Defect of the septum primum and seputm secundum, PFO

67
Q

What is an Endocardial Cushion defect?

A

1: Inappropriate fusion of the endocardial cushions
2: Abnormalities of atrial septum-opstium primum
3: Abnormalities of ventricular septum and AV valves
4: AV canal

68
Q

Where is a Sinus Venous ASD?

A

High, near SVC, Rare

69
Q

What is the result of the septum secundum and septum primum to develop?

A

Common Atrium, Rare

70
Q

What happens to the heart on day 23?

A

1: Heart tube elongates and begins to loop
2: Bulbus Cordis is displaced to left
3: Ventricle is displaced to left
4: Primitive atrium displaced posteriorly and superiorly

71
Q

What is the result of looping?

A

Brings 4 future chambers in spatial relation to eachother

72
Q

What do the right and left cardinal veins do at 22 days?

A

Drain both sides of the body

73
Q

What does the sac on back of the left sinus horn become?

A

The coronary sinus and vein of the left atrium

74
Q

What do the right and left sinus horns become?

A

The right atrium, left atrium, and the right and left pulmonary veins

75
Q

What does the primitive ventricle form?

A

Most of the left ventricle

76
Q

What does the Bulbus cordis form?

A

Most of the right ventricle

77
Q

What forms the aorticopulmonary septum?

A

fusion of the bulbar and truncal ridges

78
Q

A septum divides the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis to form what?

A

Ascending Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

79
Q

What does the Left AV valve become?

A

Bicuspid Valve

80
Q

What does the Right AV valve become?

A

Tricuspid Valve

81
Q

What is Transposition of the Great Arteries?

A

Failure of the aoriticopulmonary septum fails to separate during the 180 degree spiral.

82
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease?

A

Transposition of the Great Arteries

83
Q

What is persistent Truuncus Arteriosus?

A

Failure of truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary seputm to develop normally and divide the truncus adrteriosis into the Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

84
Q

What is TAPVR?

A

PV drains into RA instead of LA; Direct communication between PV and LA; All 4 PV do not connect normally to LA but instead drain abnormally to the RA by way of abnormal connection; must have ASD to survive!

85
Q

What is HLHS?

A

The Aorta, Aortic Valve, LV, and Mitral Valve are all underdeveloved

86
Q

What is TET?

A

Pulmonary Stenosis, VSD, Dextra position of Aorta, R Ventricular hypertrophy, small pulmonary trunk, with degrees of pulmonary stenosis, PDA dependent

87
Q

What is the Ductus Arteriosis?

A

Derived from the 6th aortic arch; from 6th week responsible for most R ventricular outflow; 60% of total cardiac output throughout fetal life; closure at birth

88
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

High in R Atrium at the entrance of SVC

89
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Superior to the endocardial cushions

Developmental/Neonatal Physiology (4 decks)

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