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Developmental/Neonatal Physiology > Cardiac Development > Flashcards

Cardiac Development Flashcards

1
Q

What week do heart tubes join blood vessels in embryo, connecting stalk, and yolk sac to form the primitive cardiovascular system?

A

3rd week

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2
Q

What week does circulating blood start to flow and can be seen on doppler ultrasound?

A

4th Week

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3
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

Day 22 or 23

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4
Q

What is the 1st system to reach functional state?

A

Cardiovascular

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5
Q

What are the 3 paired veins that drain into tubular heart of a 4 week old embryo?

A

1: Vitalline veins
2: Umbilical veins
3: Common Cardinal veins

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6
Q

What is the function of the Vitelline veins?

A

To return poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac

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7
Q

What enters the venous end of the heart at the Sinus Venosus?

A

The Vitelline Veins (R & L Vitelline Veins)

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8
Q

What is developed from the R Vitelline vein in the area of the duodenum?

A

Portal Vein

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9
Q

What develops from the L Vitelline vein within the liver?

A

Ductus Venosus

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10
Q

What is formed from the R Vitelline vein?

A

Most of hepatic/portal system and part of the Inferior Venal Cava

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11
Q

What does the venous shunt connect?

A

The Umbilical Vein to the Inferior Vena Cava

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12
Q

Which umbilical vein remains?

A

Left

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13
Q

Where do the umbilical veins initially run?

A

Each side of the liver

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14
Q

What do the umbilical veins do?

A

Carry well oxygenated blood from the placenta to the sinus venosus

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15
Q

What happens to the umbilical veins when the liver develops?

A

Looses connection with the heart

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16
Q

What week does the right umbilical vein disappear?

A

7th week

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17
Q

What does 20-30% of the blood from the umbilical vein supply?

A

1: Liver
2: Ductus Venosus
3: Inferior Vena Cava

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18
Q

What serves as the main drainage system in the embryo?

A

Cardinal Veins

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19
Q

Which cardinal veins develop 1st?

A

Anterior and Posterior

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20
Q

What do the Anterior and Posterior Cardinal veins drain in the embryo?

A

Cranial and Caudal

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21
Q

Where do the Anterior and Posterior Cardinal Veins join the Common Cardinal Veins?

A

At the entrance of the Sinus Venosus

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22
Q

Blood is shunted from the anastamosis of left and right anterior cardinal vein to form a shunt of blood from the left to right, what does this shunt become?

A

The L Brachiocephalic Vein

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23
Q

What forms the Superior Vena Cava?

A

The right anterior cardinal vein and the right common cardinal vein.

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24
Q

What do the Posterior Cardinal Veins form?

A

The vessels for primitive kidneys and common iliac veins

Disappear when kidneys develop

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25
What do the Supracardinal veins form?
1: Part of the IVC 2: Contribute to form: R Internal & External Jugular Vein, L Subclavian Vein, and External & Internal Iliac Veins
26
Where does the Hepatic Segment of the IVC form?
Proximal part of the R Vitelline Vein
27
Where does the Pre-renal Segment of the IVC form?
R Subcardinal Vein
28
Where does the Renal Segment of the IVC form?
Subcardinal and Supracardinal Veins
29
Where does the Post-renal Segment of the IVC form?
R Supracardinal Vein
30
How many Vitelline Arteries are there?
3
31
What do the Vitelline Arteries remain as?
1: Celiac Artery to foregut 2: Superior Mesenteric Artery to midgut 3: Inferior Mesenteric Artery to hindgut
32
What do the Umbilical Arteries become continuous with?
Vessels in chorion and embryonic part of the placenta
33
What do the Umbilical Arteries do?
Carry poorly oxygenated blood to the placenta
34
What does the proximal part of the umbilical arteries give rise to?
The Internal Iliac Arteries & Superior Visceral Arteries
35
What does the distal part of the umbilical arteries become?
Medial Umbilical Ligament
36
When do the Coronary Vessels begin to form?
5th Week
37
Where do the Coronary Vessels arise from?
Cells in the Epicardium
38
When and how do the Coronary Veins form?
5-6th weeks, Capillaries connect
39
Where do the Coronary Arteries form from?
Grow off the Aorta
40
Where does the Aortic Arch form?
The Pharengeal Arches at the 4th week, each arch contains an artery
41
Where does the Arotic Arch come off?
The dorsal part of the Aorta
42
1st Pair of Arches
1: Maxillary Arteries (ears, teeth, muscles of the eye and face) 2: External Carotid Artery
43
2nd Pair of Arches
Inner Ear
44
3rd Pair of Arches
1: Common Carotid Arteries 2: Internal Carotid Arteries
45
4th Pair of Arches
1: Arch of the Aorta 2: Right Subclavian Artery
46
6th Pair of Arches
1: Right Pulmonary Artery 2: Left Pulmonary Artery 3: Ductus Arteriosus
47
What do most of Aortic Arch abnormalities result from?
The persistence of parts of the pharengeal arch arteries that will usually disappear
48
Where do 90% of Coarctation of the Aorta occur?
Inferior to origin of left subclavian artery at the entrance of the Ductus Arteriosus (Juxtaductal Coarctation)
49
What is a Coarctation of the Aorta?
Aortic lumen is narrowed
50
How are Coarctations of the Aorta Classified?
Pre or Post Ductal
51
Where does the Sinus Venosus open into?
Right Atrium
52
What is the Coronary Sinus?
A collection of veins joined to form large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart and enter the Right Atrium
53
Where are the right and left sinus horns developed from?
The Sinus Venosus
54
What does the Bulbus Cordis become?
Ventricle and Truncus Arteriosis
55
When do the endocardial cushions form?
5th Week
56
Where do the endocardial cushion form?
On the dorsal and ventral walls of the Artioventricular Canal
57
What do the AV canals do?
Separate the primitive atria from the primitive ventricle
58
The right and left AV canals and endocardial cushions give rise to what?
The mitral and tricuspid valves
59
What fuses to form the right and left atrium?
The Septum Primum and Septum Secundum
60
What appears when the Foramen Primum disappears?
The Foramen Secundum
61
What forms the Foramen Ovale?
The overlapping of the Septum Secundum and the Froamen Secundum
62
When does the Foramen Ovale structurally close?
At 3 months
63
What are the 4 types of ASD?
1: Ostium Secundum defect 2: Endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect 3: Sinus Venosus defect 4: Common Atrium (no septum)
64
Is an ASD more common in males or females?
Females
65
What is the most common ASD?
PFO, Blood is shunted to the LA causing cyanosis
66
What is an Ostium Secundum defect?
Defect of the septum primum and seputm secundum, PFO
67
What is an Endocardial Cushion defect?
1: Inappropriate fusion of the endocardial cushions 2: Abnormalities of atrial septum-opstium primum 3: Abnormalities of ventricular septum and AV valves 4: AV canal
68
Where is a Sinus Venous ASD?
High, near SVC, Rare
69
What is the result of the septum secundum and septum primum to develop?
Common Atrium, Rare
70
What happens to the heart on day 23?
1: Heart tube elongates and begins to loop 2: Bulbus Cordis is displaced to left 3: Ventricle is displaced to left 4: Primitive atrium displaced posteriorly and superiorly
71
What is the result of looping?
Brings 4 future chambers in spatial relation to eachother
72
What do the right and left cardinal veins do at 22 days?
Drain both sides of the body
73
What does the sac on back of the left sinus horn become?
The coronary sinus and vein of the left atrium
74
What do the right and left sinus horns become?
The right atrium, left atrium, and the right and left pulmonary veins
75
What does the primitive ventricle form?
Most of the left ventricle
76
What does the Bulbus cordis form?
Most of the right ventricle
77
What forms the aorticopulmonary septum?
fusion of the bulbar and truncal ridges
78
A septum divides the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis to form what?
Ascending Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
79
What does the Left AV valve become?
Bicuspid Valve
80
What does the Right AV valve become?
Tricuspid Valve
81
What is Transposition of the Great Arteries?
Failure of the aoriticopulmonary septum fails to separate during the 180 degree spiral.
82
What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease?
Transposition of the Great Arteries
83
What is persistent Truuncus Arteriosus?
Failure of truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary seputm to develop normally and divide the truncus adrteriosis into the Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
84
What is TAPVR?
PV drains into RA instead of LA; Direct communication between PV and LA; All 4 PV do not connect normally to LA but instead drain abnormally to the RA by way of abnormal connection; must have ASD to survive!
85
What is HLHS?
The Aorta, Aortic Valve, LV, and Mitral Valve are all underdeveloved
86
What is TET?
Pulmonary Stenosis, VSD, Dextra position of Aorta, R Ventricular hypertrophy, small pulmonary trunk, with degrees of pulmonary stenosis, PDA dependent
87
What is the Ductus Arteriosis?
Derived from the 6th aortic arch; from 6th week responsible for most R ventricular outflow; 60% of total cardiac output throughout fetal life; closure at birth
88
Where is the SA node located?
High in R Atrium at the entrance of SVC
89
Where is the AV node located?
Superior to the endocardial cushions

Developmental/Neonatal Physiology (4 decks)

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