Cardiac Pathology

Question 1

ischaemic heart disease definition

Answer 1

group of syndromes resulting from myocardial ischaemia

Question 2

aetiology of IHD

Answer 2

coronary artery atherosclerosis

Question 3

clinical syndromes of IHD

Answer 3

MI - transmural, subendocardial
angina pectoralis
chronic IHD with heart failure
sudden cardiac death

Question 4

complications of MI

Answer 4

arrythmias 
congestive cardiac failure 
thromboembolism 
pericarditis 
ventricular aneurysm 
cardiac tamponade 
cardiogenic shock

Question 5

markers of MI

Answer 5

troponin T and I 
creatinine kinase MB
myoglobin 
lactate dehydrogenase 
AST

Question 6

primary hypertension definition

Answer 6

sustained diastolic >90

sustained systolic >140

Question 7

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 7

cortisol - sympathetic NS and acts like aldosterone

Question 8

Conn’s disease

Answer 8

aldosterone

Question 9

pheochromocytoma

Answer 9

catecholamines - adrenaline and nor-adrenaline

Question 10

coarctation of aorta

Answer 10

congenital narrowing

Question 11

renal artery stenosis

Answer 11

juxtaglomerular apparatus stimulated to produce renin

Question 12

malignant hypertension

Answer 12

> 180/120
clinical signs of organ damage
retina haemorrhages

Question 13

clinical manifestations of malignant hypertension

Answer 13

angina
MI
arrhythmias
congestive heart failure

Question 14

true aneurysms

Answer 14

all layers of BV involved

Question 15

pseudoaneurysms

Answer 15

blood leaks through wall but is contained by adventitia

Question 16

dissection

Answer 16

breach in intima allows blood to collect between intima and media

Question 17

insidious congestive heart failure

Answer 17

cummulative effects of chronic workload

HTN, valve disease

Question 18

acute congestive heart failure

Answer 18

haemodynamic stress: fluid overload and large MI

Question 19

left sided symptoms

Answer 19

pulmonary congestion

cerebral hypoxia

Question 20

right sided symptoms

Answer 20

engorgement of systemic and venous systems

ascites, splenomegaly, pleural/pericardial effusion, oedema

Question 21

calcific aortic stenosis =

Answer 21

LVH, ischaemia, angina, CHF

Question 22

causes of aortic regurgitation

Answer 22

rheumatic heart disease
infection
aortic dilatations

Question 23

causes of mitral reguritation

Answer 23

MVP
infection
papillary muscles 
chordae tendinae 
calcification of MV

Question 24

what is mitral valve prolapse

Answer 24

abnormal bulging of one or both mitral valve leaflets into LA during ventricular systole

Question 25

what is mitral annular calcification

Answer 25

chronic degenerative process of mitral valve ring causing mitral stenosis and regurgitation

Question 26

clinical features of rheumatic fever

Answer 26

cardiac murmurs 
cardiac hypertrophy and dilation
arrhythmias 
cardiac failure 
thromboembolic complications 
infective endocarditis