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Pathology > Cardiac Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiac Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What brown granular pigment can be found in cardiac muscle that is considered normal?

A

Lipofuscin. Its presence is age related.

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2
Q

What are the reversible/sublethal cardiovascular responses to injury?

A

Inflammation, haemorrhage, adaptation (atrophy, hypertrophy), fatty degeneration/infiltration, lipofuscin, vacuolar degeneration.

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3
Q

What are the irreversible cardiac responses to injury?

A

Necrosis (apoptosis), leukocyte infiltration and phagocytosis, repair by fibrosis.

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4
Q

Why is maintenance of cardiac output important?

A

Supply peripheral tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Remove carbon dioxide and wastes. Maintain GFR and thermoregulation.

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5
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms of cardiovascular disease?

A

Cardiac dilation, myocardial hypertrophy, increased heart rate, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, redistributed blood flow.

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6
Q

What are the features of eccentric hypertrophy and what causes it?

A

Enlarged ventricular chamber, wall is normal-decreased in thickness. Caused by increased blood volume (valvular insufficiencies, septal defects).

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7
Q

What are the features of concentric hypertrophy and what causes it?

A

Smaller ventricular chamber with thickened wall. Caused by increased pressure load (valvular stenosis, systemic hypertension, pulmonary disease).

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8
Q

What is cardiac syncope?

A

Acute collapse and loss of consciousness due to extreme changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

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9
Q

What is forward congestive cardiac failure?

A

Decreased blood flow forward to peripheral tissue

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10
Q

What is backward congestive cardiac failure?

A

Accumulation of blood behind the failing chamber

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11
Q

What pathology is seen in acute left-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Pulmonary congestion and oedema

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12
Q

What pathology is seen in chronic left-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Chronic, passive pulmonary congestion and oedema. Alveolar macrophages with haemosiderin (heart failure cells). Pulmonary fibrosis.

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13
Q

What are the causes of left-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Loss of contractility.
Dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves.
Severe congenital heart disease.

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14
Q

What pathology will be seen in acute right-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Acute systemic congestion (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly)

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15
Q

What pathology will you see in chronic right-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Chronic systemic congestion (nutmeg liver).

Severe sodium and water retention (Ascites in dogs, hydrothorax in cats).

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16
Q

What are the causes of right-sided congestive cardiac failure?

A

Pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy, dysfunction of tricuspid or pulmonary valve, Pimelea simplex.

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17
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus and what is the resulting pathology?

A

Vascular channel between the aorta and pulmonary artery does not close after birth and causes pulmonary hypertension.

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18
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

Defect in the atrial septum, may be due to failure of closure of the foramen ovale.

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19
Q

What four lesions are involved in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Pulmonic stenosis.
Ventricular septal defect.
Dextraposition of the aorta.
2° hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium.

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20
Q

Which type of cardiac hypertrophy occurs as a consequence of pulmonic stenosis?

A

Right ventricular concentric hypertrophy

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21
Q

What type of cardiac hypertrophy would occur as a consequence of aortic stenosis?

A

Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy

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22
Q

What type of cardiac hypertrophy would occur as a consequence of ventricular septal defect?

A

Right sided ventricular eccentric hypertrophy

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23
Q

What is gout caused by?

A

Uric acid deposits

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24
Q

What type of pericarditis does hardware disease cause?

A

Suppurative pericarditis

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25
Q

Endocardial mineralisation can be caused by?

A

Excess dietary Vit. D

Calcinogenic plants

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26
Q

Endocardial fibrosis can be causes by?

A

Chronically dilated hearts
Debilitated cattle with Johne’s diseases
Dogs with healed endocarditis lesions
Jet lesions from valvular insufficiencies

27
Q

Explain the main differences between endocardiosis and endocarditis.

A

Endocardiosis is a degenerative disease caused by degeneration of collagen. Nodules are smooth and shiny.
Endocarditis is an inflammatory disease usually due to bacterial diseases. Layers of fibrin and bacterial colonies over inflamed granulation tissue.

28
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of endocarditis

A

Complicated - involves Virchow’s triad of thrombogenesis (endothelial injury, turbulence, hypercoagulability)
Affected animals often have gingivitis, dermatitis, etc
(causes the bouts of bacteraemia)

29
Q

What are the main mechanisms of hydropericardium?

A

Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Hypoproteinaema
Systemic vascular injury

30
Q

What are four key histological features of normal cardiac muscle?

A

Branched cells, central nuclei, striated, intercalated disks

31
Q

What types of myocardial degeneration and give brief summary?

A

Fatty change (lipid droplets in sarcoplasm of cardiomyocytes), hydropic degeneration (vacuolation of sarcoplasm and lysis of contractile material), Lipofuscinosis (age related pigment), Myofibril degeneration (pale, eosinophilic sarcoplasm lacking striations)

32
Q

Name the different types of myocarditis and give an example of what causes them?

A

Suppurative (pyogenic bacteria), Necrotising (toxoplasmosis), Haemorrhagic (clostridium chauvoei), Lymphocytic (viruses), Eosinophilic (sarcocystis)

33
Q

How does myocardium heal?

A

By fibrosis

34
Q

List the primary cardiomyopathies

A

Hypertrophic, Dilated and Restrictive

35
Q

List the secondary cardiomyopathies

A

systemic, endocrine, heritable, nutritional, toxic, infectious, neoplastic

36
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathies tend to be more common in animals with what deficiency?

A

Taurine

37
Q

What is the most common primary mycardial neoplasia?

A

Haemangiosarcoma

38
Q

What is an aneurism?

A

Localised dilation/outpouch of thin/weak vessel wall

39
Q

What can cause an aneurism?

A

idiopathic, Cu deficiency in pigs, strongylus vulgaris, spirocerca lupi

40
Q

How does a dissecting aneurism occur?

A

Disruption of intima allows blood into the media which dissects along the wall

41
Q

In which species is rupture of anuerisms particularly imporant?

A

Horses - rupture is often fatal

42
Q

What is the cause of arterial hypertrophy?

A

Sustained pressure or volume

43
Q

Intimal fibrosis of large elastic arteries is called

A

Arteriosclerosis

44
Q

Intimal and medial lipid deposition in elastic and muscular arteries is called

A

Atherosclerosis

45
Q

What is the effect of arteriosclerosis?

A

Loss of elasticity - “hardening of arteries”

46
Q

What is the main effect of atherosclerosis?

A

narrowing of the lumen

47
Q

Basophilic granular mineral deposits in the walls of arteries occur in

A

Arterial medial calcification

48
Q

Arterial fibrinoid necrosis is associated with what?

A

Endothelial damage

49
Q

What causes mulberry heart disease?

A

Selenium / Vitamin E deficiency

50
Q

Acute degeneration / inflammation of small arteries / arterioles

A

Fibrinoid Necrosis

51
Q

What is arteritis?

A

Arterial inflammation

52
Q

What can cause arteritis?

A

infection, immune mediated diseases, local extension of inflammation

53
Q

Leukocytes within and surrounding vessels is a feature of?

A

Arteritis

54
Q

What is involved in Virchow’s Triad?

A

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, turbulence / stasis

55
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Something foreign moving in the vascular system

56
Q

Dogs with dirofilariasis get what type of thrombosis?

A

Pulmonary artery thrombosis

57
Q

Horses with Strongylus vulgaris get what type of thrombosis?

A

Mesenteric & Intestinal Arterial Thrombosis

58
Q

A cat in lame in the hind legs - caudal extremities are cold. What is the most likely cause?

A

Caudal aortic “saddle” thromboembolism

59
Q

Briefly describe what occurs in disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

widespread clotting depletes coagulation factors and then widespread haemorrhage occurs

60
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Venous inflammation

61
Q

What is omphalophlebitis?

A

inflammation of the umbilical vein

62
Q

What can cause phlebitis?

A

Systemic infections, immune complex deposition, extension of localised infections, IV injections

63
Q

What is lymphangiectasia?

A

Dilation of lymph vessels

Pathology (3 decks)

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