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OSCE EXAM > Cardiac OSCE Exam Questions > Flashcards

Cardiac OSCE Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Size and weight of heart

A

225g female

310g male

size of owners fist

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2
Q

Location of heart

A

in mediastinum in thorcaic cavity

obliquely a little more left than right

base above apex

Base = 2nd rib

Apex = approx 9cm to left of midline, 5th intercostal space

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3
Q

Layers of heart

A
  1. endocardium - the thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves.
  2. myocardium - the muscular wall of the heart, or the heart muscle
  3. pericardium - the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane.
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4
Q

Layers of pericardium

A
  1. Parietal pericardium - outer layer
  2. Visceral pericardium - inner layer adhered to the myocardium

there is a potential space between them

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5
Q

The myocardium is

A

made up fo smooth muscle cells

thickest on the left side

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6
Q

The endocardium is

A

a thin smooth membrane that permits the smooth flow of blood through the heart

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7
Q

Valves

A
  1. Tricuspid - AV valve between R atrium and ventricle
  2. Pulmonic - Semi lunar valve from R ventricle to pulmonary artery (to lungs)
  3. Mitral - (Bicuspid) - AV valve between L atrium and ventricle
  4. Aortic - Semi lunar valve from l ventricle to aorta (to body)
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8
Q

Parts of the heart diagram

A
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9
Q

Cardiac conduction system diagram

A
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10
Q

Reasons for peripheral oedema

A

Systemic:

  1. RSHF
  2. Renal failure
  3. Liver diseas
  4. Malnutrition
  5. Lymphoedema (lymphatic sytem blocked)

Localised:

  1. Injury
  2. infection
  3. Thrombus (DVT)
  4. Varicose veins
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11
Q

Shock - Definition and Types

A

Tissue oxygenation is inadequate for needs of aerobic metabolism - imbalance between O2 supply and demand

  1. Hypovolaemic
  2. Cardiogenic - cant pump enough blood (severe MI)
  3. Septic - distributive (increased permeability of blood vessels)
  4. Anaphylactic - distributive
  5. Neurogenic - distributive - brain is not controlling vasomotor tone
  6. Obstructive - e.g. pneumothorax
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12
Q

Possible reasons for increased JVP

A

High volume status

RSHF

Also, tamponade and tension

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13
Q

Reasons for displaced apical beat

A

Enlarged LV

LVF
Cardiomyopathy

Pneuomothorax

Dextrocardia

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14
Q

Types of murmur

A
  1. Regurgitation - valve doesnt close well
  2. Stenosis - valve doesnt open well
  3. septal defect
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15
Q

Reasons for muffled heart sounds

A
  1. Tamponade
  2. Pericardial effusion
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16
Q

What is S1 and S2

A

S1 = lub - Mitral and tricuspid valves closing (beginning of systole)

S2 = dub - Aortic and pulmonic valves closing (end of ventricular systole)

OSCE EXAM (6 decks)

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