Cardiac Nutrition and Wellness (Exam 2)

Question 1

Diagnosis of obesity

Answer 1

BMI >30 is obese, 25-29 is overweight. Waist circumference of > 40 in. for men and >35 in. for women. Waist-to-hip ratio >1 in men and > .08 in women. (waist measurement/hips measurement at widest point)

Question 2

How is obesity associated with Increased risk of CVD?

Answer 2

^LDL and triglycerides
Low HDL
metabolic syndrome
DM
HTN

Question 3

How do you prevent CVD in diabetes patients?

Answer 3

good glycemic control and attention to diet.

Question 4

How is diabetes associated with increased risk of CVD?

Answer 4

obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, defects in carb and lipid metabolism, macrovascular disease, HTN

Question 5

Distinguish between stage 1 and stage 2 HTN

Answer 5

stage 1: systolic 140-159 or diastolic 90-99

stage 2: systolic > or = to 160 or diastolic > or = to 100

Question 6

Describe sodium and potassium in relation to increased risk of CVD.

Answer 6

Sodium intake is directly proportional to incidence of HTN and potassium deficiency is moderately linked to CVD risk

Question 7

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis criteria

Answer 7

waist circumference of over 40 in. in men or over 35 in women.
serum triglycerides greater than 150 mg/dL
bp greater than 130/85
HDL lower than 40 in men or lower than 50 in women.
fasting serum glucose over 110 mg/dL

Question 8

name some sources of dietary cholesterol

Answer 8

AKA the face group: meat, fish, poultry, egg yolks, butter, lard, cheese, dairy, products made from whole milk or reduced fat milk.

Question 9

name sources of saturated fat.

Answer 9

foods from animals (dairy, meet, butter etc), foods and oils from tropical plants (coconut, palm, palm-kernel oils, cocoa butter)

Question 10

what is the impact of saturated fats in relation to CVD?

Answer 10

they reaise blood lipid levels. LDL cholesterol can lead to endotheilial dysfunction. saturated fatty acids can increase risk of insulin resistance.

Question 11

how to read a label

Answer 11

start at top where serving size is listed. Check calories. check guide to % daily value. limit total fat (if saturated fat is higher than unsaturated fat content it is not considered heart healthy). limit cholesterol, sodium, carbs, and get enough of vitamins, calcium, iron.

Question 12

Name some sources of hydrogenated fats.

Answer 12

margarine, solid vegetable shortening, fried foods, processed foods, home prepared and commercial baked products.

Question 13

How does hydrogentated fat increase your risk of CVD?

Answer 13

they behave like saturated fats and increase LDL

Question 14

Name some sources of trans fatty acids (TFA)

Answer 14

they are produced when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated to solidify them into stick margarine or shortening. found in commerical baked goods like cookies, crackers and muffins. found in chips as well.

Question 15

How does TFA contribute to increased risk of CVD?

Answer 15

increase serum cholesterol and LDL; lowers HDL
increases triglycerides
increases Lp(a) (inflammatory marker)
increases insulin resistance in type 2 dm
increases endothelial damage
decreases conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA
may contribute to cancers

Question 16

Types of omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 16

ALA (alpha linolenic acid)
DHA (decosoheaenoic acid)
EPA (eicosopentaenoic acid)

Question 17

Sources of ALA

Answer 17

Vegetable oils (canola, flaxseed, olive) and nuts (soy beans, punmpkin seeds, hemp seeds, chia seeds, almonds, walnuts)

Question 18

Sources of DHA and EPA

Answer 18

fish or fish oil supplements (tuna, salmon, mackerel, herring, trout, sardines, cod)

Question 19

What are health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 19

lowers: cholesterol, tryiglycerides, VLDL, platelet aggregation, clotting thrombosis and plaque formation, inflammation, BP (promotes arterial relaxation), CHD mortality.
Increases: Insulin sensitivity

Question 20

Sources of monounsaturted fats (MFA)

Answer 20

canola oil, olive oil, nuts (peanuts, cashews, almonds, other tree nuts.) avocados

Question 21

what are health benefits of MFA in relation to reduction of CVD?

Answer 21

lowers cholesterol and LDL

preserves or raises HDL

Question 22

sources of plant sterol/stanol esters

Answer 22

freely present in corn, soy, wheat, wood oils.
commercially extracted and synthesized found in fortified table spreads, juices, salad dressings, yogurt, and supplements

Question 23

What are some health benefits of plant sterol/stanol esters in relation to CVD risk reduction?

Answer 23

lowers: absorption of dietary cholesterol and bile acids in GI tract, cholesterol by 4-11%, LDL
adding these to diet of patients on statins appears to be somewhat more effective than doubling the statin dose

Question 24

sources of fiber

Answer 24

soluble fibers: apples, pears, citrus, okra, eggplant, fruits, veg, whole grains, psyllium, prunes, pectin
greates impact: oats, oat bran, barley

Question 25

What are the health benefits of fiber in relation to reduction of CVD risk?

Answer 25

decreases the absorption of dietary cholesterol; bind bile acids in GI tract increasing this excretory route of cholesterol
lowers: cholesterol, LDL
promotes satiety leading to weight loss and improves glycemic control

Question 26

Health benefits of fruits and vegetables in relation to reduction of CVD risk

Answer 26

naturally low in sodium and high in potassium and magnesium. protective for BP regulation.
more than 3 servings compared to 1 serving or less:
decrease in stroke, stroke death, ischemia deaths, CVD

Question 27

Potential health benefits of alcohol with regard to CVD

Answer 27

may increase HDL levels and decrease risk of CVD.
2/day decreases inflammatory markers
antioxidant effects of flavonoids and polyphenols may be protective.

Question 28

Health benefits of folic acid with regard to CVD

Answer 28

elevated homocysteine levels have been cited as an independent risk factor for vascular disease, particularly stroke.

Question 29

antioxidant sources

Answer 29

found in small quantites in plant foods: leafy greens, fruits, veg, tea, wine, nuts, seeds, dark chocolate, and herbs/spices

Question 30

Health benefits of antioxidants

Answer 30

decreased risk of CVD, CHD, Stoke, all causes of death

Question 31

Health benefits of policosanol

Answer 31

cholesterol lowering effects as much as 10% with doses up to 80 mg/day

Question 32

Health benefits of nicotinic acid

Answer 32

inhibits synthesis of VLDL; fallout effect of decreasing LDLs

Question 33

What are the key features of dietary guidelines for americans 2010?

Answer 33

designed for primary prevention.

target all americans regardless of risk.

Question 34

What are the key features of NCEP-TLC?

Answer 34

Making “therapeutic” recommendations for secondary and teritary prevention of hyperlipidemia and CVD.
other aspects of NCEP in public health and school setting have objectives targeting primary prevention

Question 35

What are the key features of the DASH diet?

Answer 35

Prevention and management of HTN.

selected beneficial minerals: 1500 or less mg sodium, 4700 mg potassium, 1250 mg calcium, 500 mg magnesium.

Question 36

What are the ACSM/AHA recommendations for physical activity?

Answer 36

moderate-intensity aerobic (endurance) physical activity to a minimum of 30 minutes for 5 days/week OR
vigorous activity for a minimum of 20 minutes 3 days/week.
resistance exercise that maintains increases muscle strength and endurance shoul be done at least 2 day/week

Question 37

Key pritority areas based on Hypertension?

Answer 37

sodium, weight reduction if overweight or obese, DASH, exercise-10 lb weight loss may be most efective treatment outcome

Question 38

what is the key priority areas based on high LDL, or high TC/HDL ratio?

Answer 38

limit cholesterol, saturated fat, trans fat, and hydrogentated fat.
add the good fats.
weight reduction if obese.
exercise. dont forget the fiber!

Question 39

what is the key priority areas based on hypertriglyceridemia?

Answer 39

limit chlesterol, saturated fat, trans fat, and hydrogenated fat.
add the good fats
avoid simple surgars and high glycemic index foods
avoid alcohol
weight reduction if overweight or obese