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RUSVM Physiology I > Cardiac + Neuro - Part 1 > Flashcards

Cardiac + Neuro - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gross structure of the heart?

A

4 chambers:
- R atrium
- R ventricle
- L atrium
- L ventricle

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2
Q

What is the basic path of blood flow?

A
  • r atrium -> right ventricle -> Lungs -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> body -> repeat
  • blood from body is O2 POOR, blood from lungs is O2 RICH
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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, **parietal pericardium

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac cells?

A
  • working myocardium cells, pacemaker cells, conduction cells
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5
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Right atrium of the heart

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6
Q

Where are purkinje fibers located? What is their purpose?

A

The left and right ventricles. Conduct impulses to myocardium cells

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7
Q

Where are some features of working myocardial cells (myocardium)?

A
  • both atrial and ventricular muscle
  • striated muscle specialized for contraction and impulse conduction
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8
Q

What are some features of pacemaker cells?

A
  • exhibit rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of action potentials
  • self-excitatory
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9
Q

Cells that conduct action potentials through the heart, providing a excitatory system that controls rhythmically beating are _________.

A

Conduction cells

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10
Q

T/F: Cardiac muscle is not striated, is involuntary, and uninucleated

A

False; Cardiac muscle is striated

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are connected via

A

Intercalated disks

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12
Q

T/F: Cardiac muscle is a morphological syncytium, while skeletal muscle is a functional syncytium

A

False; Cardiac muscle is a functional syncytium, meaning it is not fused into a single fiber but is electrically connected via intercalated disks

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13
Q

What is a intercalated disk?

A
  • A dark, dense cross-band located in the end of each myocardial cell that is continuous with the sarcolemma and contains gap junctions and desmosomes
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14
Q

T/F: pacemaker cells have a fast depolarization phase compared to atrial and ventricular cells

A

False; slow depolarization phase (lack phase 0)

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15
Q

What purpose do funny sodium channels (If or f channels) serve?

A
  • Pacemaker Na channels, close during AP and open spontaneously when AP is finished, let Na into cell pushing MP up
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16
Q

After the spontaneous opening of the funny sodium channels, Na enters the cell and pushes the MP towards the threshold, at which point f channels close and __________ channels open, letting ____ into the cell, speeding the final approach to threshold

A
  • Fast calcium channels (T-type), Ca2+
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17
Q

The ion that is mostly responsible for the AP in pacemaker cell is

A
  • Calcium
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18
Q

After the threshold is reached, ________________ open and allow more ____ into the cell and depolarizes the membrane

A

-Slow calcium channels (L-type), Ca2+

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19
Q

____________ occurs after cleaving of L-type Ca2+ channels and opening of K+ channels

A
  • Repolarization
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20
Q

What happens in the yellow phase?

A
  • Fast Ca2+ channels open
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21
Q

What happens at the green spot?

A

K+ channels close and If / funny sodium channels open

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22
Q

What happens during the blue phase?

A
  • Ca2+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ exits the cell and the cell repolarizes
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23
Q

T/F: Myocardium AP has a rapid depolarization followed by a rapid repolarization

A

False; rapid depolarization followed by a plateau phase and abrupt repolarization

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24
Q

The myocardium action potential is caused by the opening of 2 types of channels, ___________ and ____________.

A
  • Fast sodium (lets Na+ rapidly influx and depolarize) and L-type calcium (aka slow calcium or Ca-Na channels)
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25
Q

What ions contribute to the plateau phase in myocardium AP?

A
  • Ca2+ and K+
  • Ca2+ channels open, letting calcium in
  • fast K+ channels close, reducing efflux 5 fold, preventing early return to resting level
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26
Q

Describe the phases of myocardium action potential

A
  • Depolarization (fast Na+ channels open)
  • Initial repolarization (fast Na+ channels close, fast K+ channels open)
  • Plateau (slow L-type Ca2+ channels open, fast K+ channels close)
  • Rapid repolarization (slow L-type Ca 2+ channels close, slow K+ channels open)
  • Resting membrane potential (~90 mV)
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27
Q

The plateau phase is most of the ______________, when the cell is _________ by new stimulus

A
  • Absolute refractory period, unexcitable
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28
Q

The plateau phase is a physiological mechanism that allows?

A
  • Sufficient time for the ventricles of the heart to empty and refill before the next contraction
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29
Q

Atrial cells have shorter action potentials than ventricular cells. Atrial slow Ca+ channels stay ________ shorter than ventricular cells, and atrial potassium channels stay _______ for a shorter time.

A
  • open, closed
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30
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling dependent on in cardiac muscle?

A
  • Ca2+ from extracellular fluid (T-tubules directly communicate w/ ECF)
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31
Q

What does calcium bind to, leading to cross-bridge formation?

A

Troponin

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32
Q

What are the main sources of energy for cardiac muscle contraction?

A
  • Oxidative metabolism of fatty acids
  • mitochondria make up 40% of cytoplasm volume in cardiac cells
  • has numerous lipid droplets containing triglycerides
  • only 10-30% of energy comes from glucose/lactate
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33
Q

Cardiac cells stop contracting after

A
  • 30 seconds of O2 deprivation
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34
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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35
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
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36
Q

What is the function of the brain? The spinal cord?

A
  • Brain
    • receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, store memories, generates thoughts and emotions
  • Spinal cord
    • conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex actions
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37
Q

What are the major divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Sensory division (afferent - signals TO CNS) and motor division (efferent - signals FROM CNS)

** they sound the SAME (sensory afferent motor efferent)

38
Q

What are the major divisions of the sensory division and their functions?

A
  • VISCERAL sensory division
    • provide info about internal organs (visceral receptors and sensory organs)
  • SOMATIC sensory division
    • provide info about position, touch, pressure, pain and temperature (somatic receptors and sensory neurons)
39
Q

What are the major divisions of the motor divisions and their functions?

A
  • VISCERAL motor division
    • provide autonomic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue (involuntary control)
  • SOMATIC motor division
    • controls skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary control)
40
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the PNS are subdivisions of the:

A
  • Visceral motor division
41
Q

What are functions of the somatic sensory system?

A
  • general: temperature, touch, noxious stimuli, spinal nerves, cranial nerve V
  • special: vision, hearing
42
Q

What are functions of the visceral sensory system?

A
  • general: organ content, distinction, chemicals, spinal nerve branches, cranial nerves vi, in, x
  • special: taste, olfaction
43
Q

What are functions of the proprioception sensory system?

A
  • general: muscle and joint movement, spinal nerves, cranial nerve V
  • special: vestibular system cranial nerve viii
44
Q

What are functions of the somatic motor system?

A
  • general: striated skeletal muscle, spinal nerves, cranial nerves 3-7 + 9-12
45
Q

What are functions of the visceral motor system?

A
  • general: smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
    sympathetic: spinal nerves, splanchnic cells
    parasympathetic: sacral, spinal nerves, cranial nerves iii, vii, ix, x
46
Q

How do nerve impulses travel throughout the body?

A
  • PNS receptor > afferent neuron > CNS interneuron (spinal cord) > efferent neuron > effector organ (muscle or gland)
47
Q

What is the major functional unit of the NS?

A
  • Neurons
    • nerve cells specialized in info processing
    • do not divide after reaching maturity
48
Q

What are the 7 parts that make up a neuron?

A
  • dendrites (info-receiving area of cell membrane)
  • cell body, soma, or pericaryon (contains organelles)
  • axon (info-carrying extension of cell membrane)
  • axon hillock or trigger zone (axon origin, transmit information)
  • presynaptic terminal (end of axon, transmit information)
  • myelin sheath (increases speed of transfer **required in large neurons)
  • nodes of ranvier (gaps in insulating myelin sheath)
49
Q

What feature allows neurons to communicate?

A
  • Synapses - specialized contact areas w/ other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.
50
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A
  • a very modified plasma embrace that is wrapped around the axon in a spiral fashion, is a electrical insulator, and allows for saltatory conduction of impulses
  • conduction velocity of myelinated fibers is proportional to the diameter!
    • aka they conserve space
51
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A
52
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The “jumping” of AP from node to node, able to occur much more rapidly due to myelin

53
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A
  • PNS cells from which the myelin sheath originates, spiral wrap around the axon
54
Q

What are classifications of neurons according to structure?

A
  • multipolar - most common, 1 axon and many dendrites; length an arrangement vary
  • bipolar - 2 processes; 1 axon and 1 dendrite
  • pseudo-unipolar - single stem process that bifurcates to form 2 processes; one to the PNS and one to the CNS
  • unipolar - “real” unipolar; in insects
55
Q

What are some features of interneurons/association neurons?

A
  • found in the CNS, connect motor and sensory neurons, and are usually multipolar or bipolar.
56
Q

Multipolar neurons that send info from the CNS to muscle and glands are:

A
  • motor neurons/efferent neurons
57
Q

What are the types of glial cells and what system are they part of?

A
  • CNS (microglial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells)
  • PNS (schwann cells)
58
Q

What are features of neuroglia or glial cells?

A
  • smaller than neurons
    • no axons/dendrites, fill empty space in the NS, more numerous than neurons, have dividing capacity
  • do not produce APs
  • do not participate directly in synaptic interactions + electrical signaling
59
Q

What roles do glial cells perform in the nervous system?

A
  • production of myelin sheaths
  • modulate growth of developing or damaged neurons
  • buffer extracellular concentrations of potassium + neurotransmitters
  • participate in formation of contacts between neurons (synapses)
  • participate in certain immune responses of the nervous system
60
Q

The brains immune cells, which act as macrophages, release NO to prevent viral replication, protect the brain against injury/infection and help destroy unnecessary synapses are:

A
  • microglia
61
Q

Star-shaped cells w/ numerous long-cell processes, that make up 50% of the glial cell population in the CNS are?

A
  • astrocytes
62
Q

The glial cell that provides structural and metabolic support for neurons and helps maintain a neurons working environment is a?

A
  • astrocyte
63
Q

In what ways do astrocytes provide structural and metabolic support?

A
  • form outer/inner glial limiting membranes of CNS, release neurotrophic factors important for neuronal survival, help elongate axons/dendrites, and participate in the repair process following tissue injury
64
Q

How do astrocytes maintain a neurons working environment?

A
  • control levels of neurotransmitters around synapses, control ion concentration, provide metabolic support, and modulate communication
65
Q

What glial cell provides support to axons of neurons in the CNS via numerous processes that extend to neighboring axons to form myelin ?

A
  • oligdendrocytes
66
Q

What glial cell covers ventricles of the brain, central canal of the CNS and the choroid plexus; and is involved in creating cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • ependymal cells
67
Q

What glial cell forms internodes of the myelin sheath and provides support to axons of the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells or “neurolemmocytes”
68
Q

What are the 7 major regions of the CNS?

A
  • spinal cord
  • medulla (oblongata)
  • pons
  • midbrain/mesencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus)
  • telencephalon/cerebrum
69
Q

What are the 5 major functional regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem (midbrain + pons + medulla)
70
Q

What functional area of the brain is separated into L+R hemispheres and plays a role in experiencing sensation and initiating voluntary movement

A
  • cerebrum/telencephalon
71
Q

Gyrus and sulcus form on the brain due to:

A
  • cerebral cortex (grey matter) growing faster than the underlying white matter during development
72
Q

Cerebral cortex or grey matter is composed of _________ and functions to:

A
  • 6 layers of nerve cell bodies (soma) and their processes
  • involved in detailed sensory perception, voluntary movement, and learning/intelligent behavior
73
Q

What are the regions of the brain and what systems are linked with them?

A
  • parietal: somatosensory area (ex: pain)
  • frontal: motor area
  • temporal: auditory and vestibular systems
  • olfactory: olfactory
  • occipital: visual
74
Q

What do the different regions of the cerebral cortex correspond to?

A
  • layers i, ii, iii : intracortical association functions
  • layer iv: most incoming signals
  • layer v: to brainstem + spinal cord
  • layer v, vi: most output signals
  • layer vi: fibers to thalamus
75
Q

What gives rise to the motor fibers that descend to the CNS?

A
  • motor cortex/primary motor area
76
Q

The corticospinal tract or pyramidal area are ___________, an consist of _________, _________, and _________.

A
  • a pair of descending motor tracts on the ventral medulla whose fibers originate in the cerebral cortex and go to the spinal cord
  • primary motor area (muscle activation)
  • premotor frontal cortex (plan sequence of events)
  • supplementary motor cortex (preparatory orientation of body to execute a task)
77
Q

Areas involved with integration and interpretation of information, aka learning + intelligent behavior, are:

A
  • association areas
78
Q

Myelinated axons which connect cerebral cortex with other brain regions are _______, and are divided into ________, __________, and ________.

A
  • white matter
  • projection fibers (leave white matter and terminate in basal nuclei/brainstem/or spinal cord, or originate in thalamus and terminate in cerebral cortex)
  • association fibers (connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere)
  • commissural fibers (connect vortices from L + R hemispheres, ex: corpus callosum)
79
Q

A ___________ is a place where fibers cross and connect the two cerebral hemispheres

A
  • commissure/decussation

-ex: corpus callosum: white matter in the brain connecting the two hemispheres, allowing for exchange of information between both hemispheres necessary to work as a functional unit

80
Q

A cluster of neurons cell bodies (grey matter) in the CNS located deep in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem are:

A
  • basal nuclei/basal ganglia
81
Q

What projects output via thalamus into the supplementary + premotor cortices, sends output directly to the brainstem, is an accessory motor system that helps execute the initiation + control of movement, and has inhbitory output?

A
  • basal nuclei
82
Q

A motor system becomes active when _____________

A
  • the inhibitory effect of the basal nuclei is released
83
Q

What are the locations of the basal nuclei?

A
  • in the brain: caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amygdaloid body, claustrum
84
Q

What functional region is important in synchronizing muscle activity, and controlling equilibrium and eye movement

A
  • cerebellum
  • receives sensory information from skin, joints, muscles, vestibular system, and visual system and uses it to coordinate complex skeletal muscle activity, providing smooth coordinated movement.
85
Q

If the cerebellum is damaged, what will result?

A
  • loss of spatial accuracy and smooth execution of movements and equilibrium
86
Q

What functional region of the brain is a large nucleus that extends into each cerebral hemisphere and pre-processes most information reaching the cerebral cortex?

A
  • thalamus
87
Q

What are functions of the thalamus?

A
  • gatekeeper to cerebral cortex
  • integrates and processes signals from sensory system and non-sensory areas
  • essential for consciousness, attention, and alertness
88
Q

What is a circuit related to behavior, emotions, arousal, and memory?

A
  • limbic system
89
Q

What are some features of the limbic system?

A
  • found at the limbus (border) between cerebrum and thalamus
  • comprised of structures that interact with diverse areas of the nervous system
  • involved in how we behave emotionally and socially
  • related to instinctual behaviors and memories
  • related with autonomic nervous system (emotions affect visceral functions)
90
Q

What functional region is the center of homeostasis, a place of neurological and endocrine connection, and secretes releasing and inhibitory hormones that control anterior pituitary secretion?

A
  • hypothalamus
91
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • the four F’s: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fucking
  • coordinates andenopophysis, hr, bp, body temp, water balance, food intake, circadian rhythm, gonadol function, and emotions
92
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone, TRH
  • corticotropin releasing hormone, CRH
  • gonadtrophin releasing hormone, GnRH
  • growth hormone inhibiting hormone, somatostatin, GHIH
  • prolactin inhibiting hormone, PIH

RUSVM Physiology I (7 decks)

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