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Pharmacology Final > Cardiac/ Hypertension > Flashcards

Cardiac/ Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

This is the process of transporting nutrients to the cells and surrounding tissues

A

perfusion

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2
Q

this system transports oxygen and nutrient throughout the blood vessels and ultimately to the tissues

A

cardio vascular system

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3
Q

this is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

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4
Q

How to calculate the BP

A

cardiac output
systemic vascular resistance

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5
Q

this is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

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6
Q

this is the contraction of myocardium

A

systole
<120

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7
Q

this is the relaxation of myocardium

A

diastole
<80

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8
Q

this is the average pressure with in the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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9
Q

what are the 3 functional ways to view cardiac activity?

A

electrical
muscular
vascular

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10
Q

this is the minimum needed to perfuse kidneys. If that is met everything else is being perfused

A

MAP

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11
Q

what are the 3 electrical parts of the heart?

A

SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers

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12
Q

this is the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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13
Q

what is the rate of the pacemaker of the heart

A

60-100 bpm

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14
Q

this part of the heart delays the electrical signal of the heart

A

AV node

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15
Q

what is the rate of the pacemaker of the heart?

A

40-60 bpm

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16
Q

why does the AV node delay the electrical signal?

A

so the ventricle can fill with blood

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17
Q

this part of the heart delivers shock to both ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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18
Q

what is the rate of the Purkinje fibers

A

20-40 bpm

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19
Q

“to a point, the more myocardial fibers are stretched, the greater their force of contraction” This quote identifies what law

A

Frank Sterling Law

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20
Q

The greater the contraction…

A

the more force the blood is excreted out the aorta

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21
Q

this type of circulation occurs during diastole

A

coronary circulation

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22
Q

This vessel supplies blood to the:
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Interventricular septum

A

left coronary and circumflex Artery

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23
Q

This vessel supplies blood to the:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
The posterior side of the left ventricle

A

right coronary artery

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24
Q

this is the total peripheral resistance that your heart must overcome to provide adequate perfusion

A

systemic vascular resistance

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25
Q

what are the 3 factors that influence systemic vascular resistance?

A

vascular resistance
blood viscosity
turbulence

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26
Q

what are the factors that impact vascular resistance?

A

size of blood vessel
length (longer the tube = more resistance)
diameter (wider diameter = less resistance vise versa)

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27
Q

this measures the fluid’s resistance to flow (thickness)

A

blood viscosity

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28
Q

Higher viscosity requires …

A

higher pressure to move

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29
Q

what lab is used to measure viscosity

A

Hematocrit levels

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30
Q

this is the type of fluid flow that undergoes irregular fluctuations in speed

A

turbulence

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31
Q

what could cause turbulence?

A

plaque formation

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32
Q

where is turbulence assessed and what sound does it make?

A

carotid
“bruit”

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33
Q

How does our body monitor blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

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34
Q

these are stretch receptors located in aortic arch and carotid arteries

A

baroreceptors

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35
Q

if the blood pressure is low how does the body compensate?

A

body increases
heart rate
contractility
vasoconstriction

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36
Q

if the blood pressure is high how does the body compensate?

A

increasing parasympathetic activity
(rest and digest)

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37
Q

where is cholesterol absorbed?

A

small intestine

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38
Q

how much cholesterol does the liver produce a day?

A

1000 mg

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39
Q

cholesterol play a role in forming what hormones

A

estrogen and testosterone

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40
Q

this helps transport fat around the body

A

lipoprotiens

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41
Q

what is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood?

A

LDL

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42
Q

this lipoprotein is the healthy cholesterol and collects fat and takes it to the liver?

A

HDL

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43
Q

this lipoprotein carries fat to needed sites and may cause plaques

A

LDL

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44
Q

this is the elevation of blood lipid levels

A

hyperlipidemia

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45
Q

what are the risk factors of hyperlipidemia?

A

CAD (harden blood vessels)
atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)
thrombosis

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46
Q

what is the ideal cholesterol levels

A

< 200 mg/dL

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47
Q

what is the ideal level of HDL?

A

40-59 mg/dL

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48
Q

what is HMG-CoA?

A

allows for absorption of cholesterol into the small intestine

49
Q

This drug reduces LDL and increases HDL by inhibiting HMG-CoA

A

Atorvastatin

50
Q

what are the side effects of Atorvastatin?

A

myopathy (muscle breakdown)
rhabdomyolysis (systemic muscle breakdown)
liver toxicity

51
Q

what are interactions of Atorvastatin?

A

avoid grapefruit juice

52
Q

can you take Atorvastatin with or without food?

A

both

53
Q

this drug lowers cholesterol levels by increasing the activity of lipase

A

niacin

54
Q

what are the side effects of Niacin

A

flushing of face and chest

55
Q

what are the interactions with Niacin?

A

do not use with statin, increase risk of myopathy

56
Q

As a nurse how would you help with the side effects of Niacin?

A

give NSAID 30 min before

57
Q

this drug is inhibits the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine, decreasing blood cholesterol levels

A

Ezetimibe

58
Q

what are the side effects of Ezetimibe?

A

increase of liver enzymes

59
Q

what are the contraindications/precautions of Ezetimibe

A

active liver disease

60
Q

Ezetimibe benefits are enhanced with what drug?

A

statins

61
Q

this is when systolic BP is greater than 130 mm/Hg or diastolic BP is greater than 80mm/Hg for extended periods of time

A

hypertension

62
Q

what damage does hypertension do to the body

A

loss of elasticity
stiffness of the myocardium
increased peripheral vascular resistance
decreased renal function

63
Q

What is the cause of 90% of hypertension cases?

A

unknown (primary)

64
Q

What are some risk factors of primary HTN?

A

increased sodium intake
greater body weight
excessive alcohol consumption
tobacco use

65
Q

what is the cause of secondary HTN?

A

renal disease
pregnancy
endocrine disorders (DM 1/2)

66
Q

This disease is known as the silent killer

A

hypertension

67
Q

what are the main symptoms of HTN?

A

headache
blurry vision
chest pain

68
Q

what nutritional therapy is used for HTN, that involves a low sodium intake?

A

DASH

69
Q

what is the major problem in the long term management of the patient with HTN?

A

poor compliance with treatment plan

70
Q

A BP of 120-129 or <=80 is categorized as?

A

prehypertension

71
Q

A BP of 130-139 or 80-89 is categorized as?

A

hypertension stage 1

72
Q

A BP >140 >=90

A

hypertension stage 2

73
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide fall into?

A

diuretics

74
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does spironolactone fall into?

A

aldosterone antagonist

75
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does metoprolol fall into?

A

beta blocker

76
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does captopril fall into?

A

ACE inhibitor

77
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does losartan fall into?

A

ARB (angiotensin II receptor blockers)

78
Q

What category of antihypertensive drug does Verapamil fall into?

A

CCB (calcium channel blocker)

79
Q

This drug is used for pulmonary edema in heart failure. It acts in the loop of Henle to block the reabsorption of Na & Cl

A

furosemide (loop diuretic)

80
Q

A side effect of these 2 antihypertensive drug is
electrolyte imbalance of K (HYPOKALEMIA) , but also Na and Cl
dehydration
hypotension

A

furosemide
hydrochlorthiazide

81
Q

What are interactions with the drug furosemide?

A

NSAIDs decrease effect

82
Q

furosemide causes and electrolyte imbalance of K, what high K foods would you recommend to this patient?

A

potatoes

83
Q

This drug is used for HTN, blocks the reabsorption of Na, Cl, K in distal conducted tubule

A

hydrochlorthiazide

84
Q

high or low K+ in blood can lead to what?

A

dysrhythmias

85
Q

With this antihypertensive drug there is an increased risk of toxicity of the drug, becuase it does cause K or Mg deficiency and an increase in blood sugar

A

hydrochlorthiazide

86
Q

with this antihypertensive drug urine output should increase and it is crucial to eat foods high in vitamin k

A

hydrochlorothiazide

87
Q

this antihypertensive drug blocks aldosterone receptor
Increasing urinary excretion of Na & H2O and urinary retention of K

A

spironolactone

88
Q

what are the side effects of spironolactone?

A

hyperkalemia

89
Q

why does spironolactone have an interaction with ACE drugs

A

raises K levels

90
Q

what should you avoid with spironolactone?

A

K supplements
salt substitutes

91
Q

what do antiadrenergic drugs do?

A

suppress the sympathetic nervous system

slows and relaxes the heart and blood vessels

lower heart rate and blood pressure

92
Q

what do beta blockers do?

A

decrease contractility and HR

93
Q

this antihypertensive drug blocks cardiac beta-1 receptors

A

metoprolol

94
Q

the side effects of this antihypertensive drug are bradycardia and heart failure

A

metoprolol

95
Q

The patient has a heart rate < 60 and has metoprolol prescribed to take now, should you give the medication?

A

no (bradycaridc)

96
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do?

A

blocks angiotensin
allows for veins and arteries to dilate

97
Q

this antihypertensive drug blocks the production of angiotensin II

A

captopril

98
Q

the main side-effect of this antihypertensive drugs is a
dry non productive cough
hyperkalermia
hypotension

A

captopril

99
Q

what is an adverse reaction to captopril?

A

angioedema (swollen mouth/tongue)

100
Q

What do ARBs do (angiotensin II receptor blocker)?

A

blocks angiotensin II
veins and arteries dilate

101
Q

this antihypertensive drug blocks angiotensin II ARB receptors causing
vasodilation
urinary excretion of Na and H20
retention of K

A

losartan

102
Q

what are the common side effects of losartan?

A

hypotension

103
Q

you should not take spironolactone with this antihypertensive drug

A

losartan

104
Q

what do CCBs do?

A

prevent calcium from entering the heart, lowering BP

105
Q

this antihypertensive drug slows the SA node, slow conduction, decrease myocardial contractility

A

verapamil

106
Q

the side effects of this CCBs blocker antihypertensive drug are
hypotension
bradycardia

A

verapamil

107
Q

If the patient has a systolic BP of 90 and a pulse below 60 and is prescribed verapamil should you give this drug?

A

no

108
Q

what is a common side effect of antihypertensive medications?

A

orthostatic hypotension

109
Q

define orthostatic hypotension

A

decrease of systolic by 20 and diastolic by 10

110
Q

this is a disease of the blood vessels where soft fatty deposits build up on the lining of the arteries and harden with age (atherosclerosis)

A

CAD

111
Q

this disease causes an increase in O2 demand which is more than the supply&raquo_space;myocardial ischemia&raquo_space;chest pain

A

CAD

112
Q

what is prinzmetal’s angina

A

chest pain that comes and goes

113
Q

what medication is used for CAD

A

Nitrates

114
Q

this drug relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates both arterial and venous vessels
USED FOR ANGINA

A

Nitrates

115
Q

side effects of this drug are
headache
hypotension
tachycardia

A

nitrates

116
Q

what medication should you not take with nitrates?

A

viagra

117
Q

Describe the med admin for nitrates

A

sublingual every 5 minutes, do 3x
if not relieved after 1st 1 call 911
may take Tylenol

118
Q

what should be assessed always when taking nitrates

A

BP

Pharmacology Final (3 decks)

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