Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Exam 1 > Cardiac Glycosides and Diuretics > Flashcards

Cardiac Glycosides and Diuretics Flashcards

1
Q

what does RAAS do?

A

regulates BP and vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

potent vasoconstrictor with a short half-life (1-2 minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

balance Na+ and K+ in the blood (too much causes loss of K+ and retention of Na+ which causes H20 presentation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the goal of treating heart failure pts?

A

to not allow them to get to angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 1st treatments for pts with heart failure?

A
  • ace inhibitors
  • ARBS
  • diuretics
  • beta-blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a 2nd line treatment for pts with heart failure?

A

digoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do ARBS do?

A

they block angiotensin II receptors which relaxes vessels and allows for more blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does digoxin work?

A
  • increases the force of muscle contraction but inhibiting sodium and potassium
  • decreases SA and AV node stimulation which decreases HR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the action of calcium?

A

contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is digoxin inotropic?

A

yes - it modifies the force and speed of contraction of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when should digoxin be used?

A
  • HF in adults and children

- chronic Afib (helps with rate control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some adverse effects of digoxin?

A
  • bradycardia
  • nausea and vomiting
  • anorexia
  • headache
  • restlessness
  • PVC
  • hyperkalemia
  • confusion
  • visual disturbances - colorful halos and yellow tint
  • dig toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the adverse effect of PVC mean when taking digoxin?

A

premature ventricular contraction - 1st warning sign, abnormal heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the normal value for potassium?

A

3.5-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the normal therapeutic range for digoxin?

A

0.5-0.8 (very small range)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is digtoxicity?

A

a dig level greater than 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does a decrease in potassium relate to digtoxicity?

A

a decrease in potassium increases the risk for digtoxicity because dig binds to potassium sites so less potassium creates more sites for dig to bind to
- best bet is to keep k+ in its normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do you treat digtoxicity?

A

typically on treat the symptoms

  • atropine for bradycardia
  • potassium to decrease MI function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when should you call the physician related to digtoxicity and bradycardia?

A
  • hr less than 60 in adults

- hr less than 70 in kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is education needed with digoxin?

A
  • take with food to avoid GI upset
  • don’t eat black licorice or milk wheat because it will increase dig levels
  • thyroid medication with increase dig levels
21
Q

what is the antidote for digoxin and when is it used?

A

digoxin immune fab - used only in life-threatening emergencies

22
Q

what is a loop diuretic?

A

1st line of action for fluid volume excess

23
Q

where does the action for a loop diuretic take place?

A

loop of Henle

24
Q

what is the action of loop diuretics?

A

increase urine output/diuresis, inhibit the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl which creates an osmotic pressure that blocks the passive reabsorption of water

25
Q

what is stronger: loop diuretic or thiazide diuretic?

A

loop diuretic is 10x stronger than a thiazide diuretic

26
Q

what would a loop diuretic be used for?

A
  • HTN
  • pulmonary edema
  • HF
  • ARF
  • blood transfusions
27
Q

what are some adverse effects of loop diuretics?

A
  • ototoxicity
  • fluid/electrolyte imbalance
  • increased blood glucose (watch with diabetes)
28
Q

true or false: loop diuretics are titrated

A

true - start low and increase

29
Q

what supplements might people on loop diuretics take?

A

K+ supplements to avoid hypokalemia

30
Q

what are some side effects of hypokalemia?

A

less than 3.5 - tired, cramps, SOB, numbness, brain fog

31
Q

what are thiazide diuretics?

A

combination of 2 diuretics to balance loss and sparing of K+

32
Q

what are some examples of loop diuretics?

A

furosemide (lasix), bumetanide (bumex), torsemide (demadex)

33
Q

what is the action of a thiazide diuretic?

A

decrease reabsorption of Na+, water, Cl, and bicarbonate

34
Q

what are some uses for a thiazide diuretic?

A
  • edema

- HF

35
Q

what are some examples of thiazide diuretics?

A

hydrochlorothiazide (microzide), chlorothiazide (diuril), metolazone (zaroxolyn)

36
Q

what education is needed for thiazide diuretic?

A
  • adequate intake of fluids (not enough fluids will cause a decreased blood volume which will decrease BP and cause dizziness)
  • don’t take in the evening to avoid peeing at night
  • stand up slowly due to orthostatic hypotension
  • more susceptible to sunburn
  • meds with lithium can decrease potassium levels
37
Q

what are potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

diuretics that don’t get rid of potassium

38
Q

what is the action of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

blocks the effect of aldosterone (salt and water regulation)

39
Q

what are examples of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

spironolactone (Aldactone), amiloride (midamor), and triamterene (dyrenium)

40
Q

what are some adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A
  • deepen voice
  • decreased BP
  • irregular menstruation
  • abdominal cramping
  • diarrhea
  • headache
  • electrolyte imbalance
    effects steroid receptors
41
Q

potassium-sparing diuretics increase the risk of …

A

hyperkalemia

42
Q

what are the side effects of hyperkalemia?

A
  • diarrhea
  • muscle spasms
  • bradycardia
  • nausea
  • chest pain
  • tingling
  • abnormal heart rhythm
  • decreased reflexes
43
Q

what is the black box warning with potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

tumorigenic - increased risk of tumors

44
Q

what pt education is needed with a potassium-sparing diuretic?

A

monitor BP and avoid operating heavy machinery

45
Q

what do osmotic diuretics do?

A

lower intracranial pressure and for short-term reduction of intraocular pressure

46
Q

what is the action of osmotic diuretics?

A
  • increase osmotic pressure
  • increase blood volume
  • decrease water and electrolyte reabsorption
47
Q

what are the adverse effects of osmotic diuretics?

A
  • angina
  • dizziness
  • HF
48
Q

what are the uses of osmotic diuretics?

A
  • trauma
  • oliguria
  • decrease ICP
  • anuria
  • hypovolemic shock
  • dehydration
  • prevention of ARF
  • hypotension
49
Q

pt education needed for osmotic diuretics?

A
  • monitor BP
  • assess for dehydration
  • maintain electrolyte balance

Pharm Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions