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Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Semester > Cardiac Embryology > Flashcards

Cardiac Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Morula?

A

A Morula is an embryo at an early stage. -a spherical cell mass of Blastomeres.

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2
Q

What is a Blastomere?

A

Any of the cells resulting from the cleavage of a fertilized ovum during early embryonic development.

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3
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A

A pre-implantation embryo consisting of a thin-walled hollow sphere of 16–40 cells, which appears in early mammalian development, the wall of which is the trophoblast. The embryo proper corresponds to a mass of cells at one side, which is equivalent to the blastula.

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4
Q

What is a Trophoblast?

A

the outermost layer of tissue that forms the wall of the blastocyst of placental mammals in the early stages of embryonic development. It functions in the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall and in supplying nutrients to the embryo. At implantation the cells differentiate into two layers: the inner cytotrophoblast, which forms the chorion, and the syncytiotrophoblast, which develops into the outer layer of the placenta

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5
Q

What is an Embryoblast?

A

An eccentrically placed mass of cells within the blastocyst.

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6
Q

What is a Cytotrophoblast?

A

The inner layer of the trophoblast.

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7
Q

What is a Syncytiotrophoblast?

A

the outer layer of the trophoblast. It erodes the uterine wall during implantation and gives rise to the villi of the placenta.

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8
Q

What is an Entoblast?

A

the innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo. Called also endoblast, entoderm, entoblast, and hypoblast.

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9
Q

What is an Ectoblast?

A
  1. ectoderm.

2. an external membrane; a cell wall.

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10
Q

What is Vasculogenesis?

A

The development of new blood vessels from endothelial stem cells—i.e., in absence of pre-existing vessels.

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11
Q

What is the Procordal Plate

A

the prechordal plate is a “uniquely thickened portion” of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm

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12
Q

Where is the Somatopleuric mesoderm?

A

The outer layer of the Extra-Embryonic Mesoderm. It is the parietal side, in contact with the Cytotrophoblasts

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13
Q

Wheret is theSplanchnopleuric mesoderm?

A

The inner layer of the Extra-Embryonic Mesoderm. It is in direct contact with the Heuser’s Membrane/Yolk sac

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14
Q

What is Mesenchyme?

A

cells of mesodermal origin that are capable of developing into connective tissues, blood, and lymphatic and blood vessels.

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15
Q

What are Vitelline Veins

A

The vitelline veins are veins which drain blood from the yolk sac.

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16
Q

What is Cardiac Jelly?

A

a structureless material containing few nuclei existing around the heart tube in the primitive pericarium.

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17
Q

What is Paraxial

A

Paraxial is anything lying at either side of midline.

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18
Q

What is are Somites?

A

A somite is a division of the body of an animal.
The mesoderm forms at the same time as ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm that is lateral to (at the side of) the neural tube is called paraxial mesoderm.

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19
Q

Where are the trophoblasts located?

A

On the outside layer of the blastocyst.

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20
Q

What are the trophoblasts contribute to the blastocystic process?

A

They help with implantation and they provide nutrients to the developing cells within the blastocyst.

The trophoblast cells are responsible for the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium and the implantation to the endometrium.

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21
Q

How does the trophoblast behave after implantation?

A

The trophoblast divides into divides into the cytiotrophoblasts and the syncytiotrophoblasts

22
Q

What will the cytotrophoblasts and the syncytiotrophoblasts form?

A

They will form the embryonic membrane and the fetal portion of the placenta.

23
Q

What is the difference between the embryocyst and the embryoblast?

A

The embryocyst is the the container for the embryoblast. the embryoblast is a mass of specific cells growing and dividing within the embryo cysts.

24
Q

From which part of the blastocyst does the embryo develop?

A

From the embryoblast, a cell mass at one end of the blastocyst.

25
Q

What is the composition of the embryonic disc?

A

2 layers of cells from the embryonic disc: the entoderm and the ectoderm.

26
Q

Where will you find the entoderm or the ectoderm?

A

The ectoderm and the ectoderm compose the 2 layers of the embryonic disc.

27
Q

Describe the ectoderm

A

The ectoderm are columnar cells that form the outside the yolk sac and form an amniotic cavity.

28
Q

Describe the entoderm.

A

The entoderm forms an inner layer of more or less flattened cells of the yolk sac.

29
Q

How is the primitive yolk sac formed?

A

The cavity of the blastocyst becomes lined on the inside by entoderm all cells migrating from the inner cell mass.

30
Q

after the two layers have formed, what forms between the trophoblasts and the inner cell mass?

A

The amniotic cavity, which is lined with ectodermal and amniogenic cells.

31
Q

What are the two components of the extraembryonic mesoderm and where specifically are they located?

A

The two components of the extraembryonic mesoderm are the splanchnopleuric and the somatopleuric. The splanchnopleuric is visceral and covers the yolk sac. The somatopleuric is parietal and lines the trophoblastic layer.

32
Q

How is the yolk sac formed

A

The yolk sacks formed by migrating ectodermal cells.

33
Q

What word is synonymous with entoderm?

A

Endoderm

34
Q

What is another term that is synonymous with Entoderm?

A

Endoderm

35
Q

What does 1st Aortic Arch develop into?

A

Maxillary artery

36
Q

What does the 2nd Aortic Arch develop into?

A

Stapadial artery

37
Q

What does the 3rd Aortic Arch develop into?

A

L/R Common, Internal and External Carotid Arteries

38
Q

What does the 4th Aortic Arch develop into?

A

Left: Part of the Aortic Arch
Right: Part of the Right Subclavian

39
Q

What does the 6th Aortic Arch develop into?

A

Left: Left Pulmonary Artery & Ductus Arteriosus
Right: Right Pulmonary Artery

40
Q

What does the 7th Aortic Arch develop into?

A

Left: Left Subclavian Artery
Right: Part of the Right Subclavian Artery

41
Q

What does the embryonic Dorsal Aorta develop into?

A

Left: Descending Thoracic Aorta
Right: PArt of the Right Subclavian Artery

42
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A 
It is the middle layer and gives rise to:
Connective tissue
Bone
Muscle, including the heart and pericardium
Vascular system 
Lymphatic system
Kidneys
Cartiladge
43
Q

What does the Entoderm give rise to?

A 
It is the inside layer.
It gives rise to: 
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Bladder
44
Q

What does the Ectoderm give rise to?

A 
It is the outer layer. 
It gives rise to:
Skin
Hair
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal Column (?)
Nails
45
Q

Which two cell layers from the embryonic disc?

A

The entoderm and the ectoderm.

46
Q

What shapes are the cells of the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm: columnar
Entoderm: cuboidal
Intra-embryonic mesoderm: loose reticular

47
Q

What is the significance of the intra-embryonic celom?

A

They appear in the lateral mesoderm and extend cranially and fuse with one another just anterior to the prochordal plate resulting in a single horseshoe shaped cavity.

48
Q

What is the origin of the endocardial tubes?

A

Angiogenesis cells cluster to form blood islands that eventually grow into the vessels known and the endocardial tubes.

49
Q

What connects to the arterial end of the endocardial tube?

What connects at the caudal end of the endocardial tube?

A

Arterial: the 2 dorsal aortas
Caudally: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac and later the umbilical veins.

50
Q

How do the endocardial tubes become a single heart tube?

A

Rapid growth in the forebrain draws the right and left tube medially and communications develop and eventually fuse resulting in a single heart tube.

51
Q

Upon the formation of a single heart tube, what happens with the splanchnopleuric mesoderm?

A

It differentiates into three different layers: the cardiac jelly, a second layer that’s densely nucleated and a mesothelial layer that lines the pericardial cavity. The latter two are known as the myo-epicardium or the myo-epicardial mantle.

Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Semester (5 decks)

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