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Cardiovascular > Cardiac disorders > Flashcards

Cardiac disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure?

A

Heart cannot maintain enough circulation for metabolic requirements of body

Comes secondary to cardiac damage

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2
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:

Ejection fraction >= 50% and decreased diastolic function

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3
Q

What is HFrEF?

A

Heart failure with Reduced ejection fraction:

Ejection fraction >= 40% and decreased systolic function

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4
Q

What does cardiac damage include?

A

Ischaemia, myopathy, hypertension, valve diseae

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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of heart failure?

A

Extertional dyspnoea = Shortness of breathduring exercise

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6
Q

What tests show heart failure?

A

Blood test to check elevated brain natriuretic peptide – BNP

Chest X –ray to look for cardiomegaly

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7
Q

What is worse systolic failure or diastolic failure?

A

Systolic heart failure is due to weakened heart muscle and hence the dilation causes reduced ejection fraction

Diastolic has no effect on ejection fraction despite a smaller than normal area for blood.

  • Enlarged QRS can be seen due to increased muscle mass in Diastolic
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8
Q

What is atrial fibrilliation?

A

disorganized electric activity and contraction

Due to spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

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9
Q

What is Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome?

A

– syndrome that causes tachycardia and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

Due to extra accessory conduction pathway knows as the bundle of Kent between atria and ventricle

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of electrical transmission disorders ? ( Wolff + atrial fib )

A

Palpitations and chest pain

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11
Q

What does an ECG for atrial fib look like?

A

No p wave, irregular rhythm

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12
Q

What does ECG for Wolff look like?

A

QRS pre-excitation and inverted T wave ( biphasic )

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13
Q

Treatments for Atrial fibrillation?

A

maintain sinus such as – cardioversion, anti-arryhthmics, catheter ablation

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14
Q

What is a first degree conduction block?

A

Slowing down of conduction through AV node

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15
Q

What is a second degree block?

A

reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

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16
Q

What is a third degree block?

A

complete block of current from atria to ventricles

17
Q

What can cause heart block?

A

Damage to conduction system ( fibrosis, calcification, necrosis)

18
Q

What can be found in a first degree ECG?

A

Increased P-R interval

19
Q

What can be found in a second degree ECG?

A

Increased P-R or missing QRS depending of block type

20
Q

What can be found in a third degree ECG?

A

P waves no followed by any QRS

21
Q

Treatments for heart blocks?

A

discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs eg. (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers)

pacemaker implantation in severe cases

22
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg

  • hypertension itself isnt the problem, it increases risk of stroke, HF, MI and Kidney disease
23
Q

What cases hypertension

A

Primary hypertension : unknown cause

Secondary hypertension : resulting from another medical condition e.g. Kidney disease, adrenal disease

24
Q

How to treat hypertension?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

25
Q

What is Angina?

A

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

26
Q

What is NSTEMI?

A

Non - ST elevated myocardial infarction : Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage

27
Q

What is STEMI?

A

ST-elevated myocardial infarction

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

28
Q

What causes acute coronary syndromes ?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)

29
Q

Signs and symptoms for angina, STEMI and NSTEMI?

A

Angina: chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)

NSTEMI: chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

STEMI: radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

30
Q

NSTEMI ECG? and bloods

A

ST depression / no changes and high troponin levels in blood test

31
Q

STEMI ECG? and bloods

A

ST elevation with reciprocal ST depression and high troponin levels in blood test

32
Q

How to treat Angina?

A

Vasodilators

33
Q

How to treat NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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