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Cardiovascular > Cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

During a single heart beat, the cardiac cycle consists of what four events

A

Electrical
Contractile
Pressure
Valvular

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2
Q

2 periods of cardiac cycle

A

Diastole

Systole

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3
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of heart muscle and refills with blood

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4
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of heart muscle and pumping of blood

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5
Q

Arterial line

A

Thin catheter inserted into an artery
Allow to draw blood easily
Blood pressure monitoring and blood tests
Measure SBP,DBP,MAP

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6
Q

Systolic pressure

A

120mmHg

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7
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

70mmHg - normally twice as long as systolic pressure at rest

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8
Q

MAP

A

87mmHg

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9
Q

How do you work out MAP

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure

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10
Q

Pulse pressure equation

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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11
Q

In cardiac cathertisation what screening tool is used to guide artery

A

X-ray

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12
Q

Where is a cardiac artery usually inserted

A

In the groin area

Threaded through vessels - pressure tracing as follows arteries or veins

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13
Q

What does the dicrotic notch represent

A

Closure of the aortic valve

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14
Q

Which ventricle is circular and thick walled

A

Left higher pressures

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15
Q

Which ventricle is crescent shaped and thin walled for low pressure

A

Right ventricle

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16
Q

What muscles anchor mitral valve leaflets

A

Prominent papillary muscles

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17
Q

In right heart catheterisation where do you enter the catheter

A

Neck

Sometimes groin

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18
Q

When is pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased

A 
Vasoconstriction
Fluid overload 
Right to left shunt VSD 
Left ventricular failure 
Pulmonary hypertension
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19
Q

When is pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased

A

Vasodilation and hypovolaemia

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20
Q

Range for right atrial pressure

What is this equivalent to and seen clinically where

A

6/2
Central venous pressure
Jugular venous pressure

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21
Q

Pulmonary artery pressures

A

25/10

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22
Q

Right ventricle pressures

A

26/0

23
Q

Left ventricle pressures

A

121/0

24
Q

Left atrium pressures

A

7/3

25
Q

What are the four valves

A

Tricuspid valve - located between RA and RV
pulmonary valve located between the RV and the PA
Mitral valve located between the LA and LV
aortic valve located between LV and aorta

26
Q

What is a bicuspid aortic valve

A

Aortic valve with only two cups/flaps instead of 3 - aortic valve controls flow of blood from LV to the aorta , the main artery delivering blood to your body

27
Q

What valve is normally the only bicuspid valve

A

Mitral valve between LA and LV

28
Q

When does systole occur

A

Mitral valve and tricuspid closing to when aortic and pulmonary vlaves close

29
Q

When does diastole occur

A

Aortic and pulmonary close to mitral and tricuspid close

30
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction

A

Early systole where ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change (isovolumetrically ) - all heart valves are closed

31
Q

What is isovolumetric relaxation

A

Interval in cardiac cycle closure of aortic valve to onset of filling by opening of mitral valve

32
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out by heart by ventricles per minute

33
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from each benticle due to each contraction
SV is the difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume

34
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

35
Q

Ejection fraction

A

How much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction, 60% means 60perfent of total amount of blood in the left ventricle is pushed out with each heartbeat

36
Q

At what pressure and volume does mitral valve open at

A

3mmHg

40ml

37
Q

At what pressure and volume does mitral close

A

6mmHg

110ml

38
Q

At what pressure and volume does the aortic open

A

75mmHg

110ml

39
Q

What pressure and volume does aortic close

A

90mmHg

40ml

40
Q

Coronary blood flow what is it

A

250mL/min - 5% of CO

Auto regulates MAP between 50-120mmHg

41
Q

In coronary vasoconstriction Po2 increases and alkalosis occurs what happens in coronary vasodilation

A

Lowered PO2 and increased PCO2 causing acidosis and lactate and adenosine build up

42
Q

What receptor needs to be stimulated for coronary vasoconstriction

A

Alpha 1

43
Q

What receptor needs to be stimulated for coronary vasodilation

A

Beta 2

44
Q

What hormone can cause coronary vasodilation

A

Prostacyclin

45
Q

What hormones can cause coronary vasodilation

A

ADH
Angiotensin
Thromboxane

46
Q

What is the first heart sound caused by

A

Closure of mitral and tricuspid vlaves

47
Q

What is the second heart valine csused by

A

Closure of aortic and pulmonary vlaves

48
Q

What sided valves normally close fractionally ahead

A

Left

49
Q

How does turbulent flow produce sound

A

Vibrations in surrounding structures

50
Q

What’s a stenotic valve

A

Shift or narrowed valve that doesn’t open correctly - ejection murmurs as blood forced through small gap

51
Q

What is a regurgitant valve

A

Valve edges scarred - don’t close completely so badkflow of blood

52
Q

How can murmurs be divided and subdivided

A

Into valvular and non-valvular
Valvular into stenotic and regurgitant
Non-valvular can be either normally pathway flow with pregnancy or abnormal pathway with ASD; VSD; PDA

53
Q

In the timing of valvular murmurs the mitral and tricuspid in stenosis occurs in diastole and in incompetence is systole what are the aortic and pulmaory vlaves in both stenosis and incompetence

A

Systole and diastole

Cardiovascular (20 decks)

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