Cardiac Conditions Part 2 Flashcards
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Sudden reduced circulation to heart
3 Types:
- Unstable Angina (Ischemia)
- Acute Myocardial Infarction (Damage to the tissue and electrical conduction pathways as a result of blockage of the coronary arteries)
– STEMI (Persistent ST Elevation; Transmural infarction; More severe)
– Non-STEMI (Biomarkers; Nontranmural infarction)
Risk Factors for many Cardiac Conditions
- Smoking
- HTN
- High Cholestrol
- Diabetes
- Physical Inactivity
- Family History
- Obesity
- Psychosocial stress
Clinical Manifestations - MI
General:
- Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing pain in the center of the chest
- Pain that spreads to the throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders, or arms
- Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea, or SOB
Women:
- Nausea and vomiting; flu-like manifestation w/o chest pain/discomfort
- Unexplained intense anxiet, weakness, or fatigue
- Breathlessness, dizziness
Cardiac MI - Complications
- Most cardiac events aren’t survivable.
- May lead to HF
Blocked valves =
Stenosis
Incompetent valves =
Regurgitation/Insufficency
Artial Septal Defect
Foramen ovalefails to close after birth. Hole between atriums.
Ventricular Septal Defect
One or more small openings in the ventricular septum
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Failure of fetal circulatory pathway between descending aorta and pulmonary aorta to close after birth.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Narrowing of the aorta obstructs left ventricular outflow
Tetralogy of Fallot
Combination of four heart defects present at birth
(1) ventricular septal defect (2) pulmonary valve stenosis (3) misplaced aorta (not where it is supposed to be) and (4) thickened right ventricular wall(due to overload)
Rheumatic Heart Disease
- Bacteria -check valve compliance when you see this in a medical chart/aortic and mitral
- May turn into valvular disease, needs immediate follow up
Heart Valve Disorders
- Poorly functioning and/or abnormal valve leaflets
- Blocked valves and/or incompetent valves
Heart Valve Disorders Symptoms
Fatigue
Heart murmur
Dyspnea with exertion and laying down
Foot/ankle or abdominal swelling
Jugular vein distension
Dizziness/fainting
HVD: Can’t get cardiac output so function is down due to ATP and O2 not able to get to muscles
Swelling: due to not being able to bring blood forward.
Congenital Heart Disease
- Poor circulation/cyanosis
- Failure to thrive
- Heart murmur
- Rapid respirations
- Hard to know what a baby is feeling
- Baby is not following normal development patterns
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardial sac surrouding the heart
Pericardial Effusion
Progression of pericarditis; excess fluid between the heart and the sac surrounding the heart
____% of viral infections are linked to ____
1-5%; cardiac involvement
Pathogenesis for Myocarditis
Risk Factors of Myocarditis/Pericarditis/Pericardial Effusion
- Young patients (Avg age = 40 year)
- Inflammatory diseases such as lupus
- Compromised immune system
- Exposure to ticks and others with viral illness
General Symptoms: Myo/Peri/PE
- Fatigue
- Fluid retention in extremities (lower)
- Dyspnea
- Fever
- ECG changes such as arrhythmia
Myocarditis - Clinical Manifestations
- S/SX of a viral infection (sore throat, diarrhea, joint pain,headache, body aches etc.) [Can be bacterial or fungal too]
- Anyone can develop this young or old.
Pericarditis - Clinical Manfiestation
- Piercing constant chest pain (more intense with inhalation and position changes; less in professorial position)
- Rapid onset
- Dry cough
- Orthopnea
- Dyspnea
Pericardial Effusion - Clinical Manifestations
- Feeling of chest fullness
- Orthopnea
Untreated Myocarditis
long term damage to heart muscles causing increased risks
Acute myocarditis
- typically viral
- Severe complications lead to heart transplant
Cardiac Tamponade
- Rapid effusion of fluid
- Excess pressure on heart
- Reduced EDV and SV
Sack has no stretch (restrictive space). Excess fluid with compress the heart resulting in decreased in CO.
Cardiac Tamponade - Treatment
Pericardiocentensis (Needle between heart and sack to drain fluid)
Pericardectomy (Emergency surgery; Removal of part of the sac)